Free College Admissions Essays: I Have Always Enjoyed Mathematics :: College Admissions Essays

I Have Always Enjoyed Mathematics I fool always thoroughly enjoyed Mathematics, and perhaps naturally, I am looking towards a degree cut through in finance. However, I have other interests beside Mathematics. I believe a Business and Management degree course would be more satisfying because of its diverse elements. When recently I became Deputy Head Girl, my interest in management was awakened. I now have valuable responsibilities. I have become much more aware of time-management, on the job(p) as percentage of a team, setting targets, and representing both the Headmaster and the pupils. Being part of the Sixth Form Council, the schools prefectorial forum, has made me more confident in expressing my opinions, and developing my listening skills. Working as a clerical assistant in an architectural firm in London for my work experience was very rewarding I improved my computer skills and my ability to tackle freshly situations. I have also worked for the British Council in Cai ro teaching English. I am thoroughly enjoying the International Baccalaureate, and one particular recent project stands out, the Science project. As secretary of our group, I had to make sure that everyone was working, and organise meetings, prepare a formal presentation, which was recorded on video. This project showed how a team worked under pressure, and that working together was essential. I enjoy sport and started playing squash when I first came to Gigglesworth and earlier this year I was appointed captain, once again helpful experience for dealing with people who are not always willing. Not only do I work with my peers, but I also lead-in them I can see how individual efforts affect the entire team. Directing fund raising events for Amnesty International further refined my organisation skills. Recruiting new members to the group tested my promotional abilities as well. I completed Silver level in the Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme in 1999. I have just about completed th e Gold, which has been very demanding but great fun.

The Philosophy of Cognitive Science Essay -- Neurology Psychology Pape

The Philosophy of Cognitive SciencePsychophysical dualism the distinction between mind and body is the counterposition between essentially irreducible elements the mind and body. Such a dualism implies the of import ontological problem of the doctrine of cognitive science and philosophy of mind the mind-body problem (MBP). The dualism and the referred-to problem has been insistently discussed in the philosophical tradition and several solutions eat been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryles criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryles criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call the principle of the embodiment of the mind. Finally, I shall point out the philosophical difficulties that are to be found in usi ng such a principle. If Ive reason, then the philosophical problems must let dis pass themselves without any rest, differently from others... Ludwig WittgensteinBut this very attraction should make us suspicious in the history of philosophy, attempts at showing a problem to be pseudo-problem have often encountered the very same difficulties that have beset attempts to solve the problem. Hilary PutnamI - INTRODUCTIONThe psychophysical dualism or mind-body distinction is the counterposition between two essentially irreducible elements soul and body. Such dualism implies, as we will show, the more discussed issue of philosophy of cognitive science and philosophy of mind the mind-body problem (MBP, henceforth) whose the en... ...r and Zopf, Pergamon, p. 255-78, 1962).Atlan, H. Entre le Cristal et la Fume. Essai sur lorganisation du vivant. Ed. du Seuil, Paris, France, 1979.Churchland, D. P. Theories of Brain Function. In Neurophilosophy Towards a Unified Science of nous and Brain, MIT Press, 1986.Descartes, R. Les Meditations Metaphysiques. Ec. Tannery & Adam Librairie Philosophique L. Vrin, vol. IX -1, 1982.Gardner, H. The Minds New Science A History of Cognitive Revolution. New York, Basic Books, 1987.Guroult, M. Descartes Selon l Ordre de Raisons. Ed. Aubier, vol 1, Paris, 1964.Gonzales, M. E. Q. Neural networks and Mental Representation An essay on Harmony and Rationality. In Trans/ Form/Ao, So Paulo, v. 14, p.93-108, 1991.Nagel, E. The Structure of Science Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation. Routhledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961.

Prayer in Schools :: Religion Faith Beliefs Essays

Prayer in Schools Recently the U.S. Supreme Court announced that it would not hear the appeals of a case forbiddingning the traditional dinner appeal before the meal at the Virginia Military Institute (VMI). The court decided not to hear this appeal mainly due to procedural rules regarding the retirement of the schools former superintendent before the case, scarce two of the justices, Rehnquist and Scalia, felt that the case needed to be tried in couch to make a determination regarding prayer in universities, especially those with military affiliation (Biskupic 3A). Unfortunately, they did not have the required number of justices to carry the case to the court, but those outside of the court system do not have such restrictions upon their decision regarding organized prayer in universities. They stooge make their own decisions on what to believe. One must change the general opinion of the people in order to find resolution of this issue so they in turn can prompt a revision to the Constitution. This may be the only true solution to clarify this problem and this revision will need the support of the globe in order to succeed. Prayers and other religious elements in government will be the focus of this revision. Those who would act to ban these prayers have made the mistake of misinterpreting the overlord intent of the framers of the Constitution regarding the First Amendment, they have misunderstood what it means to rank among those who call themselves an adult American, and have failed to comprehend the complexities of military training. The Constitution fails to ban prayer in government run areas with conscientious Americans under the special circumstances involved with military affiliated educational institutions. The people in favor of the ban on organized prayer in colleges make the claim that the 1st Amendment makes it unconstitutional. In order to make this claim, one must analyze the text of the amendment and the bi ography behind the original intent of the Constitutions framers. The text of the amendment contains the following concerning religion, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof (Constitution). This amendment should unfeignedly be interpreted as meaning that Congress does not have the power to regulate the religious institutions or prevent anyone from practicing their own religion.

Essay --

Social and aflame issues take a toll on people everyday, which bear be seen through cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a modern take on ways to cause injure to others. Mostly in a mental form. The dictionary description of cyberbullying is, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an frighten or threatening nature(Google). There ar many affable media sites, on each of them a form of cyberbullying lot be found. These sites open the door for cyberbullying.To promise a few social media sites that people whitethorn be cyberbullied on, there is Instagram, Tumblr, Facebook, ask.fm, twitter, and even just the elemental email. Instagram is a social media site, made for the posting of pictures, anyone who follows you can view these pictures making it easy for cyber bullies to bully people. When people whitethorn post a picture on this site it allows anyone to view it and leave any comments that they please. Those comments argon non always the pleasantst of comments and the can range from anywhere tto youre stupid, or youre fat and ugly. Tumblr is a site for posting pictures, tellys, notes, and gifs. It is nice to see all of these thing, simply there are video responses too. Many people use video responses to hurt other peoples feelings and make them feel downhearted about themselves. THere are so many to a greater extent social and emotional sites and so many more ways to hurt people victimization them. What matters is how people whitethorn cope or react to these dissimilar forms of cyberbullying. A twelve year old girl commited suicide just in september. Her dumbfound believes that the cause of her daughters death was cyberbullying. Girls at her school told her to go divulge and many other dreadful thing. This young girls name was Rebecca Ann Sedwick. Cyber B... ...at make people feel bad and ones that make people feel good about themselves. Cyberbullying loosely exist in the realm of teens, but even adu lts hand to deal with it. Adults may not do things as dramatic as cutting themselves, but they still have to find ways to deal with the pain. One way that an adult may deal with a problem like this is by doing drugs. Drugs may you happy. They do not make you joyful though because joy is something that last forever and you are only momentarily happy when you take drugs. This can place to problems like cancer or bankruptcy. Drugs can also cause family issues. If all you do is view of drugs to make you happy because of the harm that other people have caused them, then they may completely abandon their family to get more drugs. Everyone has to deal with bullying in some way, shape, or form. How they handle it is what matters most. Essay -- Social and emotional issues take a toll on people everyday, which can be seen through cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a modern take on ways to cause harm to others. Mostly in a mental form. The dictionary definition of cyberbullyin g is, the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending messages of an intimidating or threatening nature(Google). There are many social media sites, on each of them a form of cyberbullying can be found. These sites open the door for cyberbullying.To name a few social media sites that people may be cyberbullied on, there is Instagram, Tumblr, Facebook, ask.fm, twitter, and even just the elemental email. Instagram is a social media site, made for the posting of pictures, anyone who follows you can view these pictures making it easy for cyber bullies to bully people. When people may post a picture on this site it allows anyone to view it and leave any comments that they please. Those comments are not always the nicest of comments and the can range from anywhere tto youre stupid, or youre fat and ugly. Tumblr is a site for posting pictures, videos, notes, and gifs. It is nice to see all of these thing, but there are video responses too. Many people use video responses to hurt other peoples feelings and make them feel down about themselves. THere are so many more social and emotional sites and so many more ways to hurt people using them. What matters is how people may cope or react to these different forms of cyberbullying. A twelve year old girl commited suicide just in september. Her mother believes that the cause of her daughters death was cyberbullying. Girls at her school told her to go die and many other bad thing. This young girls name was Rebecca Ann Sedwick. Cyber B... ...at make people feel bad and ones that make people feel good about themselves. Cyberbullying mostly exist in the realm of teens, but even adults have to deal with it. Adults may not do things as dramatic as cutting themselves, but they still have to find ways to deal with the pain. One way that an adult may deal with a problem like this is by doing drugs. Drugs may you happy. They do not make you joyful though because joy is something that last forever and you are only momentarily happy when you take drugs. This can lead to problems like cancer or bankruptcy. Drugs can also cause family issues. If all you do is think of drugs to make you happy because of the harm that other people have caused them, then they may completely abandon their family to get more drugs. Everyone has to deal with bullying in some way, shape, or form. How they handle it is what matters most.

The Importance of Non-conformity and Independent Beliefs in Ralph Waldo

In Ralph Waldo Emersons Self-Reliance, Emerson calls for each person in society to be wholly true to themselves. He claims that it is virtually rewarding to the individual(a) and the society for people to believe in ones own thoughts and not in the thoughts of others. Emerson believes that conformity will ultimately ternary to an individuals demise because by living for others, people are not being true to themselves. Therefore in order to have a well-formed society, citizens should focus inward and have confidence in their own ideas before beginning to look towards other individuals moreover, Emerson calls individuals not only in Self-Reliance, merely also in numerous essays to act independently from conformity and to live for themselves. Ralph Waldo Emersons main theme in Self-Reliance places emphasis on the individuals ideas and not the ideas of others. Emerson strongly believes that imitation is suicide. To Emerson, if a person possesses an opinion, the person should voi ce that opinion immediately without doubt. As Emerson states, History, and the state of the world at whatever one time is directly dependent on the intellectual classification then existing in the minds of men. Beware when God lets loose a bang-up thinker on this planet. Then all things are at risk. The very hopes of man, the thoughts of his heart, the religion of nations, the manner and morals of mankind are all at the compassion of a new generalization. (Dewey 408). He calls for people to have confidence in themselves and to cease living by the worlds universal ideas. He places prominent importance on the fact that a person should always be true to himself or herself. He believes that if people begin living according to everyone elses wishes, they will ... .../p41728_index.htmlYannella, Donald. Chapter 3 Self-Evolving Circle. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Donald Yannella. Boston Twayne, 1982. Twaynes United States Authors Series 414. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.Works ConsulteddeTocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. New York Harper Perennial, 1988. 537. American Political comprehension Assoc. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.Emerson, Ralph W. The American Scholar. Vol. 7. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Julia Reidhead. 7th ed. N.p. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 7 vols. 520-32. Print.Overview Self-Reliance. Literature and Its Times Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 2 civilized Wars to Frontier Societies (1800-1880s). Detroit Gale, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010

The Importance of Non-conformity and Independent Beliefs in Ralph Waldo

In Ralph Waldo Emersons Self-Reliance, Emerson calls for each person in society to be wholly true to themselves. He claims that it is most rewarding to the separate and the society for people to believe in ones own thoughts and not in the thoughts of others. Emerson believes that conformity will ultimately lead to an individuals demise because by living for others, people are not being true to themselves. Therefore in order to have a well-formed society, citizens should steering inward and have confidence in their own ideas before beginning to look towards other individuals moreover, Emerson calls individuals not only in Self-Reliance, but also in numerous essays to act independently from conformity and to live for themselves. Ralph Waldo Emersons main theme in Self-Reliance places emphasis on the individuals ideas and not the ideas of others. Emerson strongly believes that imitation is suicide. To Emerson, if a person possesses an opinion, the person should voice that opinion immediately without doubt. As Emerson states, History, and the state of the world at any one period is directly dependent on the intellectual classification then existing in the minds of men. Beware when God lets loose a great thinker on this planet. Then all things are at risk. The very hopes of man, the thoughts of his heart, the religion of nations, the manner and morals of mankind are all at the mercy of a parvenu generalization. (Dewey 408). He calls for people to have confidence in themselves and to cease living by the worlds universal ideas. He places great importance on the fact that a person should always be true to himself or herself. He believes that if people begin living according to everyone elses wishes, they will ... .../p41728_index.htmlYannella, Donald. Chapter 3 Self-Evolving Circle. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Donald Yannella. Boston Twayne, 1982. Twaynes United States Authors Series 414. publications Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.Works ConsulteddeT ocqueville, Alexis. Democracy in America. New York Harper Perennial, 1988. 537. American Political Science Assoc. Web. 19 Apr. 2010.Emerson, Ralph W. The American Scholar. Vol. 7. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Julia Reidhead. 7th ed. N.p. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008. 7 vols. 520-32. Print.Overview Self-Reliance. Literature and Its Times Profiles of 300 Notable Literary Works and the Historical Events that Influenced Them. Joyce Moss and George Wilson. Vol. 2 Civil Wars to Frontier Societies (1800-1880s). Detroit Gale, 1997. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. 19 Apr. 2010

The Impact of Public Policies on Young Voters

On December 21, 1970, the Supreme Court of the United States do a decision that would drastic eachy affect the lives of many yong adults/ By a vote of five to four, the Court declared that eighteen year olds could vote in National Elections provided they meet the normal requirements of citizenship, residency, and registration issued by their homes states (Mitchell 1). This was a great step for youths in both political and nonpolitical aspects in the way that it shows office and awareness in our society.Since the majority of those affected by this policy are either in school or full time members of the woking field, they will apt(predicate) recieve a lower income, therefore feeling the impact of the rising cost of living and education. Public policies go through a great impact on the eitheen to xx year old voters. For example, economic policies affecting their basic life chances and policies regarding their lifestyle and personal liberties. By its policies, government can grant o r deny firm benefits to young workers and students. Likewise, it can impose heavy burdens and controls such as budget cuts. These cuts could creator state legislators to reduce spending on education and increase culture and/or fees. That could cause great controversy among youth who depend on government funds to better their education, possibly setting back their elbow greases.Since the erly 1900s, youth have shown leadership by expressing their ideas and opinions with strong and persuasive actions, many of which contribute to their awareness and impact on society today. For example, if our government can trust our youth to be mature and capable of enlisting in the military at the age of eighteen, then they are mature enough to vote as to who the commander in chief will be. If one is considered capable of scarificing thier life for the lives of America by handling both the mental and physical burdens brought by war, then one should be capable of deciding their own factors of lif e.There are also many downsides to a fresh group of voters. For example, manyt youths may not choose or particularize to vote. Since some of the youth come from lower classs, they will most likely be unable to pass the qualifications in reading or other catagories because of the neediness of basic education. If a youth comes from a family of wealth, odds are their family will greatly influence their choice in elections on if they vote democratic or republic (Mitchell 3).As citizens of the United States, the constituiton allows us the right to vote when we are eighteen. To depel of this right, legislatures would have to pass a calling card in the house of representatives and have that bill ratified in the senate to repeal the ammendment. This would have profound effects on the population, especially among the sector of the population who falls in the age caegories of 18 and 20. This would cause major riots and extreme outbreaks that would be non-beneficial to the government.However , to fail to vote in the interest of protecting their rights and benefits, or to change it by incluuding other benefits, des not look wise. The ability to vote is a great advantage if used correctly. If one qualifies for the ability to vote it is to their advantage to voice their opinions in order that they might mend a chang.The ability to vote opens doors for many changes and profressions. By including a more divers representation of people, we will have a better and stronger government. Including views from the yound and old to the prosperous and poor, we will b able to better understand the people of America. For a government to run properly, it should represent all of its people and not just a select group. By allowing our youth th be capable of the responsiblity to votem we are slowly taking a step forward to this unity amongst our government.In an effort to get Americans involved with the political process, we should make every effort to educate Americans in the ways of po litics. Since yout is, of all age groups, the most flesible and able to learn, 18 is the completed age to begin the molding of a new, political mind. With the ability to vote, we can voice our opinions on taxes and wages along with other things sicj as entertainment and clothign, all which may effect our lives on a daily basis. With the ability to speak out in a sophisticated, mature matter, with a vote, ones chances of being heard is greater.

Ramya Holdings

About us * Ramya Holdings incorporated in 1987 and commenced operations in 1988 as Ramya Apparels (Pvt. ) ltd. The company emerged as a become and exportationer of apparels to USA and EU markets. * To diversify into the Horticulture sector, Ramya Horticulture (Pvt. ) Ltd was incorporated in 1998 operating Walpita Nursery and raised its arm to Ambewela and Wellawa Nurseries in 2000 and 2002 respectively. * As a result of re-structuring of operations, Trendywear (Pvt. ) Ltd. was formed in course of instruction 2003 and the first factory for outstations opened in the same year at Katupotha, in Kurunegala District.In 2006, another factory was opened in Delgoda, Gampaha district. * In 2008, Ramya Horticulture (Pvt. ) Ltd obtained the international GAP accreditation. * In 2009, Ramya Horticulture (Pvt. ) Ltd commenced operations with its Tissue Culture Production Facility in Walpita Nursery and received the Global Gap accreditation for the same in the year 2011. * To cater for the high demand in the apparel industry, Trendywear (Pvt. )Ltd opened a factory in Adhikarigama, Nuwara Eliya District in 2010 In 2011, the company diversified into the hospitality sector by opening THE PLAINS, Luxury Boutique Bungalow in Ambewela for Eco and agro tourism. * In 2012, Trendywear diversified into its newest venture in Wellawa, Kurunegala district, another garment factory in view of uplifting the living standards in rural areas CHAIRMAN PROFILE Mrs. Ramya Weerakoon Mrs. Ramya Weerakoon, Chairman of the company is in business since 1973. Her hobby of Batik making prove to be a good source of income at that time and she set up a small workshop at home with 4 employees initially.In 1976, she ventured into the export market. Mrs. Weerakoon is recognized and awarded in many occasions locally and Internationally. Some of her major achievements are as follows. * Awarded for Best Export Performance in Handicrafts from Export ripening Board in 1980. * discipline Productivity Merit A ward in 1993 from National Institute of Business Management, Sri Lanka. * Women entrepreneur of the year 1997 Gold Award Womens put up of labor & Commerce. * Priyadharshani Award 1997 for Outstanding Women Entrepreneurs of South Asia & Pacific Countries in New Delhi. Large Category Industry Gold Award from Womens Chamber of Industry & Commerce in 1997. * Best Woman Exporter Silver Award in 1997 from National Chamber of Exporters of Sri Lanka * Entrepreneur of the year 1997 Medium Category Industry Merit Award. * Best Women Exporter in 1998 Gold Award National Chamber of Exporters of Sri Lanka. * Women in Excellence 1998 for the International Womens Day March 1999, for Entrepreneurship Ministry of Womens personal matters of Sri Lanka * Best Women Exporter in 1999 Gold Award National Chamber of Exporters of Sri Lanka. Woman Entrepreneurship Award for the Asian Region La Caixa 3rd IWEC Awards New Delhi 2009 * Woman Entrepreneur of the year Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Awards 2012 Membership of Professional Societies * President of the Apparel Exports Association 200gfp Sri Lanka * President Floriculture Produce Exporters Association * Immediate Past Chairperson of Womens Chamber of Industry & Commerce Sri Lanka * Immediate Vice Chairperson SAARC Chamber of Women Entrepreneur Council (SCWEC) * Council Member of the National Chamber of Exporters Sri Lanka * Executive Committee Member National Agribusiness CouncilCHAIRMAN / MANAGING DIRECTORMRS. KANTHI RAMYA MANEL WEERAKOON DIRECTORSMRS. L. V. M. WEERAKOON MRS. T. C. T. WEERAKOON MR. V. K. T. ALAKESHWARA HEAD OFFICE459/1, KANDY ROAD, RAMMUTHUGALA, KADAWATA, SRI LANKA. Telephone+94-11-5626601/ 6 Fax. +94-11-2972081 emailprotectedramyaholdings. com WORKFORCE 5500 MAJOR EXPORT MARKETS USA/ UK/Europe MAJOR BUYERS FOR APPERALUSA JC PennyGuess MauricesForever 21 KohlsLimited Too Charlotte RusseCosco Coldwater CreekDress Barn CatherinesMacys UK/ europium Daxon Ellos ASDA Edinburgh Woollen Mill Sainsburys Ch arles Voegele MAJOR BUYERS FOR HORTICULTURE CAMPO INTERNATIONAL B. V. HOLLAND JCONNECTA HOLLAND PLANTAS DEL CARIBE HOLLAND WORLD TOP FLOWERS EST. K. S. A. DAEYANG FLOWERS SEEDS & SEEDLING CO. LTD THE country OF KOREA. GLOBAL HORTICULTURAL MATERIAL CO. THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA. DAESHIN HORTICULTURAL CO. , LTD THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA. SHIMA TRADING CO. LTD JAPAN. SUM GREEN CO. LTDJAPAN. DIAMOND NURSERY PAKISTAN. OPTIMUS FLOWERS UNITED KINGDOM. BOTANICA HORTICULTURE PTY LTD AUSTRALIA. COSTA NURSERY FARMS, INC. U. S. A. FOREMOSTCO, INC U. S. A. COMPLIANCE APPROVED ISO 90012000 (SGS) WRAP JC Penny (by JC Penny) WAL-MART TARGET (by TARGET) ASDA (by BUREAU VERITAS) special TOO (by STR) GUESS (by STR) REDCATS (by CSCC .

Being a leader

Since my childhood I am self motivated and committed to my work, due to my family background. My grandfather taught me a lot some discipline. I learned work ethics from my father in the first place through his attitude with colleagues at work and at home with the members of the family. My reproduction in engineering provided important technical knowledge, which ought to be entwined with the aforesaid principles. My software experience enhanced my skills in system analysis and bug fixing. I am a quick learner and a practical problem solver.I am good at leveraging my past experience into new technologies. I proven my commitment and bewilder management skills by meeting the project deadlines at Countrywide Home loans. Management at Countrywide awarded me with Star Search Award, which portrays my adaptability and leave oriented nature. Traditionally theorists stated that good leaders or not made but born (Lussier N. R. , 2006, p460). However, nowadays it is believed that leadership skills can be learned (Orlitzky M. et al 2003, p128-138). The following experiences also prove my leadership skills.After successful completion of my tertiary education in Computer Science and Engineering, I was offered a hypothecate in FJ Benjamin & Holdings, Singapore in December 1995 after rigorous initial screening. At that time I was a team member of a group that was involved in developing an application for in house use. During its development phase many people left the company seeking relegate opportunities elsewhere. This led the director in charge of the project to think that the wrong decision was taken since the upper management initially was inclined to purchase the project rather than developing it in house.It was on the insistence of this Director that the company agreed to develop the application in house. Thus it was up to the Director to cop the work on time. I then took the matter at hand and commenced contacting my friends and others to give our group, in orde r to attain the objectives set. I induced some of my friends to join in the organization and thus helped in the continuance of the project at hand. Ultimately, we were successful in developing and implementing the project.Even though the project took more time than evaluate due to the adversaries faced, management was content that the project was completed with in the budget set. I was recognized and rewarded for my initiative and coordination of the staff accordingly. References Lussier N. R. (2006). Management Fundamentals. Third Edition. United States of the States Thomson South-Western. Orlitzky M. Benjamin J. (2003). The effects of sea composition on small-group performance in a business school case competition, Academy of Management Learning, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp 128-138.

Ethics of Conspiracy Theorizing Essay

In the context of this canvas conspiracies will be defined where a proposed explanation E is a junto supposition if and lonesome(prenominal) if E is a proposed causal explanation of an offspring (or set of events) which postulates secret plans and live up tos on the part of the group and E conflicts with the official story (or stories) of the same historic events.In this warrant the official story will be defined where an explanation of an event E is an official story if and only if the explanation is a theory endorsed in a conventionally recognized direction by an individual or institution that bears the relevant legal responsibility for events of type E, and for providing development to the public ab step to the fore them. In some baptismal fonts conspiracies atomic number 18 virtuously allowable however usually they are the result of nefarious motivations on the part of the conspirators.In this essay I will use the examples of the Watergate scandal and the kinsfolk 11 terrorist attacks to explain how in this respect faction theorizing is more often virtuously permissible due to the just motivations of the conspiracy theorizers and the benefits conspiracy theorizing lends to our high nine. It is common knowledge that organisations and political bodies almost the world commit engaged in conspiracies. A well know example of this is the Watergate scandal which occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon.The Watergate scandal took place in the Watergate complex in cap DC on the 17th of July 1972. The complex was the site of the republican National Committee provide where five men were found breaking and entering. All the men were connected to President Nixons Committee to Re-elect the President. This prompted an investigation which ascertained many more illegal activities connected to President Nixons staff including campaign fraud, political espionage and sabotage, illegal break-ins, improper tax audits, illegal wiretapping, and a laund ered slush fund used to pay those who conducted these operations.In this guinea pig the conspiracy was therefore the result of nefarious motivations on the part of President Nixon and his staff. While many and perhaps most conspiracies are the result of similar motivations non all conspiracies are malevolent. For instance a conspiracy may (though perhaps not legally) be charitable when the conspirators are acting in a way to protect the interests of the people. Reasons for this could be to prevent a counterproductive panic caused by revealing their plans before they are ready.Another conspiracy that would be both benevolent and responsible on behalf of the government would be conspiring to keep their nation ignorant of particular military actions in order to protect both the soldiers and the population that they govern. This would be the most responsible action on behalf of the government as it is their role to protect the people as best they can, in this case by way of a consp iracy. Although it is conceivable that there are some benevolent conspiracies where conspirators are trying to benefit society I think it holds true that the majority of conspiracies are caused by conspirators with nefarious intentions.It is obvious from conspiracies and cover ups like the Watergate scandal that conspiracies do take place (if not commonly) and so it follows that tenaciously the existence of conspiracies altogether cannot be denied and furthermore it is irrational to disbelieve the existence of conspiracy theories. With this in mind it seems both reasonable and logical to conclude that conspiracy theorizing is a rational and possibly beneficial part of society.Steve Clarke supports this in Conspiracy Theories and Conspiracy Theorizing (2002) by proposing that the conspiracy theoretician challenges us to change our social explanations whereby he mover that conspiracy theorists are invaluable to society as their existence pressures epistemic authorities such(prenomi nal) as the government to be careful in its practices and to ensure their ventures are kept above board. Clarke also reminds us that occasionally the conspiracy theorist identifies a genuine conspiracy. In channel to Clarke, critics of conspiracy theorizing lay claim theorists cause unrest amongst society as they damage the trust mingled with governments and their citizens. This is due to the way in which conspiracy theories often confront the government and government officials as being nefarious and stealthy in their dealings thus weakening the trust between society and the government. Similarly critics claim that conspiracy theorists create unrest amongst society by fostering negative beliefs about the government and the causes of historical events.Critics of conspiracy theorizing propose that unwarranted conspiracy theories have the potential to cause undesirable and harmful results. This is illustrated well by Mark Fenster in Conspiracy Theories Secrecy and Power in the S tatesn Culture (2008) where he postulates that left critics argue that proper political analysis leads directly to effective political activity. Identifying both the general and historically specific economic and political structures that run enables activists to organize protests strategically and to build collective, alternative institutions in order to effect real social change.Conspiracy theory, on the other hand, either misattributes dominance to individuals, or simplistically places the blame for the ills of the world on individuals earlier than on underlying, morphologic causes. As a result, it cannot lead to effective political activity rather, it leads to harmful scapegoating or it misleads activists into persuasion that merely removing an individual or a secret group will transform society. Arguments such as this are the cause of moral debate around conspiracy theorizing.The attacks on the Twin Towers, the 7 World Trade tenderness building and the Pentagon in New York City and Washington D.C in America on September the 11th 2001 became a catalyst for many highly publicized conspiracy theories. These conspiracy theories argue against the official story which states that the attacks were carried out only by Al-Qaeda -a militant Islamic organization headed by Osama Bin Laden. The official story proposes that four commercial passenger airlines were hijacked by 19 members of Al-Qaeda. dickens planes, American Airlines flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 were hijacked and flown in a suicide mission into the north and south towers of the World Trade Centre in New York City.Both of these towers collapsed within 2 hours due to structural damage caused by fires from the initial plane crash. The third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was flown into the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia. This caused parts of the western side of the pentagon to collapse. The fourth plane, United Ai rlines Flight 93, was think to be flown into the Capitol of the United States, Washington D. C but instead crashed into a field in Pennsylvania when passengers attempted to gain control of the plane.One of the most noteworthy conspiracy theories regarding the September 11 attacks states that the collapse of the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center was caused by controlled demolition on the behalf of the United States government as opposed to the structural damage caused by fire which was quoted in the official story. Many physicists, architects and other intellectuals argue that the impact from the aircraft and the resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings to the extent which could cause them to all collapse.Instead, conspiracy theorists posit that explosives were installed in the building on behalf of the government prior to the attacks. According to conspiracy theorists there is much errant data to support this such as accounts of people hearing explosions in the lob by composition trying to escape the building. High profile conspiracy such as those pertaining to the September 11 terrorist attacks serve the benefit of society. They help to regulate the governments actions.Conspiracy theories are invaluable in keeping an honest government that is pressured to act within the law -especially if the government is aware that their citizens may question the official story. Governments have the capability to be respected leaders for the people or sources of harm, in a society where conspiracy theories have the ability to become such widespread public knowledge (such as the conspiracy theories skirt the September 11 terrorist attacks) they ensure that the government rest working for the citizens as they are prepared to be scrutinized.In this way conspiracy theorizing is extremely beneficial to society which chip ins conspiracy theorizing virtuously justifiable. Another way in which conspiracy theorizing is beneficial to society is the how it encour ages citizens to think for themselves in a way that otherwise they may not. Conspiracy theorizing allows individuals to challenge the official story rather than mindlessly believing stories that have been spoon fed to them by the relevant epistemic authorities and the media.Conspiracy theorizing also offers alternative explanations than the official stories such as arguments based on facts to consider rather than the stories spoon fed to them by the government. The media is an important tool for the conspiracy theorist, in most western countries the press has indecorousness to publish conspiracy theories and there are even some magazines such as the Sceptic magazine which is available worldwide. The freedom of the media aids the governments awareness that they could actually publicly be caught out in a conspiracy.Being caught amongst a conspiracy would be tragic for any democratic government since they would lose so much public support which is necessary as one of the most import ant things to them is being re-elected. Because governments need public support so much they would indeed be very careful about the conspiracies attempted under their power. While most conspiracies are prompted by nefarious motivations the same is not true for conspiracy theories. I believe the key to the morality of either are the intentions of the conspirators or the theorists, regardless of the outcome.The varying morality of conspiracy theorizing and even conspiracies themselves can be explained by the doctrine of double effect. This doctrine states that an action that results in harm is virtuously permissible if it is the side effect of a morally good initiative. The doctrine proposes that if doing something intended to be morally good has a morally grim consequence as a side-effect then it is ethically permissible on the condition that the morally bad side-effect wasnt intended even if it was foreseen to probably happen.An important feature of the doctrine states that the goo d result must be brought about independent of the bad one, the bad result must not be the means to the good result. To assist in helping my point about the difference in moral permissibility I will use the following hypothetical example There is a large munitions factory set to be bombed by a wedge pilot. The pilot knows the munitions factory is next to an orphanage and that as a result of bombardment the munitions factory a collateral of 2,000 civilian casualties are predicted.However bombing the munitions factory will defeat the adversary and protect other lives. I contend that the actions of the bomber may be morally permissible. However, if I alter the case just slightly A bomber pilot is set to bomb a munitions factory. The pilot knows that the munitions factory is next to an orphanage and that 2,000 civilian casualties are predicted. In fact, bombing the munitions factory is the fastest and easiest way to cause such a number of casualties and this is why the bomber has chos en to bomb the factory.This will weaken the enemys esolve with the side-effect of getting rid of their munitions factory. I contend that in this instance the bombers action is obviously morally impermissible. Though this example seems misrelated to conspiracies and conspiracy theorizing it illustrates how the motivation behind an action deems its status of morality. In the case of conspiracy theorizing, a moral conspiracy theory would be one where the theorist truly believes they have uncovered a nefarious conspiracy and that by exposing it to the public they would be greatly benefitting society.The doctrine of double effect would apply for instance in the following two cases In the first scenario Mandy notices lots of errant data regarding actions made by the government. Adding this data up Mandy believes she has unravelled a nefarious and underhanded scheme by government officials. Mandy truly believes that citizens ought to be aware of this conspiracy and that publicizing her co nspiracy theory is in societys best interest. Mandy knows that her theory negatively implicates many government officials and could be very harmful if she turns out to be wrong.In this case, regardless of whether or not Mandys claims turn out to be true her initial motivations were for the good of society. This is similar to the first scenario of the pilot bombing the munitions factory in that the bad result is just a side-effect of the morally good intention. I propose that in this way conspiracy theorizing can be morally just and in the cases where the theorist is proven correct society is reminded of the benefits of conspiracy theorizing. In the second case Mandy, who has been fired from her position in government administration notices the same errant data.Mandy links this data together and formulates a conspiracy theory which negatively implicates her previous superiors. While Mandy in this scenario may also have the intentions of publicizing her conspiracy theory in order to m ake people aware of a nefarious scheme on the part of the government, she is still motivated by the thought of harming the reputation of her previous superiors. In this case the doctrine states that Mandys actions were morally wrong as the morally wrong result was not a side effect of the morally good action. Rather, the morally wrong result of harming her previous superiors was one f the two intended concequences so in this case conspiracy theorizing would be morally wrong.Even though the two scenarios may have the same consequence it is the difference in motivation that alters the moral permissibility. I postulate that this is the same for all conspiracy theories, this means that when motivated by the intention to benefit society conspiracy theorizing is morally permissible. In the case of the September 11 terrorist attacks the moral permissibility of conspiracy theories surrounding the event depend on the intentions of the conspiracy theorists.If the intentions of the theorist ar e to benefit society by making us aware of a nefarious conspiracy surrounding the government of the United States then I propose that conspiracy theorizing would be morally justifiable. Though the United States government is portrayed to be nefarious and underhanded in this conspiracy theory if this is not the intended result of the conspiracy theorist but a negative side-effect brought about by the good action then conspiracy theorizing in this instance would remain morally justified.However, if the intention of the conspiracy theorist was to undermine the government by weakening the trust between them and their citizens then I conclude that conspiracy theorizing for this purpose (despite any morally good side-effects) is morally unjust. As I have shown clearly in my essay there are many situations in which conspiracy theorizing is a moral good. It is obvious that conspiracy theorizing is beneficial to our society as it pressures the government to work for the well-being of their c itizens as they are prepared to be scrutinized.Conspiracy theorizing is also morally justified by the benefits it lends to individuals freedom of speech as well as the freedom of the press. As I have explained in this essay, the doctrine of double effect illustrates how the moral permissibility of conspiracy theorizing often rests upon each conspiracy theorists motivations. I conclude that while most conspiracies are the results of nefarious motivations the same is not true for conspiracy theorizing, instead conspiracy theorists are often motivated to benefit society in some way or another and in these cases their conspiracy theorizing is morally justifiable.

Who Are Are, from Where We Came

First of all, if I want to interpreted by the way of religiones point of view then I think this subject goes to meanless way. I have a knowledge by which I can explan it in proper way. Today we should given the side and lates talk on a historin what they were saying about this topic. I want to commence with quetation the world depend upon human, but the human are illution Start with the Annonaki I think this will neer wrong to mention the Annonaki first in my this topic. We should to exam him first in front of my friends.The Annunaki belonged from sumerian religion since 25oo year ago and after few geezerhood the sumerian group has been replaced by Akkadian and later to babylonians untill they have been converted to christianity. In islamic point of view the Annunaki is called a (jinn). He was basically worked of god. Lates come to master(prenominal) point the Annunaki was the superiour to the igiges. The igiges were working for Annunaki to digging the god in planet earth. Aft er same era the igiges were rebiling againt the Annunaki and after some years the Anki suggested to created the humankind by the Annunaki kind in the process on tube mechanism to burn the mankind.In the statement the many historine weren,t believe on this but after 18, 19 ascorbic acid the tube mechenism of tube . after the development in this field the thinker commence the believe on this explanation. There are one other stage about the human on the bases of science. The science teach us the human body is called a biological computer . the human body are attracted by the help of heart then the heart transmitted to entire body . the energy come to our body from over surround environment. By this energy the sencs working and on the bases of sencs the MRNA TRNA send the message to brain and the brain worked .

Advantage of Semester System Essay

1. The greatest advantage of this arrangement is that it reduces the load on the studentsand Inculcates regular study habits. 2. Since academic year is divided into 2 semesters it provides upwardly mobility the Student can clear the backlog in one or numerous playing areas even after moving to the next semester. 3. Best part is that it enables the students to visit at their own pace. 4. Well if you comp be it to an annual system, it keeps students busy all year round with the same level of burden instead of the piling up of maneuver at the end of the year. 5. In semester system, Student all time attach with study. Studies which is good for the Students. 6. The main advantage of semester system. Student busy all the year.He know, If he Does not study, he will fail. Easy eruditeness Attach with studies. Remain in class No absence. Grip on knowledge. Respect of teachers increases. Scheduled work plan. Disadvantage of Semester SystemAs a disadvantage of the Semester system, I would point out the lack of reco real that students can make due to limited time, in comparison to yearly systems.Time is too short in Semester system. Students dont understand many chapters. Today the topic under discussion is the topic which is be frequently discussed by us since the Karnataka University introduced the semester scheme for the degree courses. I strongly believe that semester scheme is extremely beneficial for the students. It is a sign that we are marching towards the schooling because almost all the developed countries have adopted the semester scheme which means this system must be having some unique qualities which are favorable for the students. source of all, the semester based method makes teaching and learning more scientific. It is good for the students as the syllabus is broken up into units that are to be learnt in a particular proposition time frame. Moreover, as testing and evaluation are done in a continuous manner student can be sure of a more r ealistic assessment of their academic capabilities than what is done in the annual scheme. The actual process of learning is also more methodical in this scheme. for each one topic to be covered in the syllabus is allotted a learning time.The student learns not just by taking down notes during a lecture, only he has to do self study visiting the library, browsing the net and preparing for seminars and presentations. This results in comprehensive learning of the topic at hand. Many British universities tried ever-changing from the three terms per year system to the American semester system of two sessions per year, in the 1990s. Some changed but found the system infeasible and returned to the original British system from 2002 onwards.It seems that there are difficulties with semesters, for British universities, and disadvantages for both universities and students. In Britain, changing over to the semester arrangement of the academic year was coupled with changing to modular degree s. Huddersfield University was the first university in Britain to change to the semester system, but returned to the three-term year in 2003. Glamorgan University also returned from two fifteen-week semesters to the traditional three-term year in 2003.Some British universities, including capital of Jamaica University (Surrey), have a hybrid semester system and modular degrees. They have a three-term year but teaching is divided into two semesters running from September to July. . The semester system has certain disadvantages both for universities and for students. Most Universities introduced the semester system to accommodate the modular degree and this was difficult for both academics and students. The two systems were introduced together, as part of the scheme to expand high education.Modular systems work on a credit system, each module counting for credit towards the students final degree. University teaching and learning is very different in Britain, to some other countries. I n Britain, students have responsibility for their own learning, and tutors and lecturers do not control or lead students to knowledge but rather suggest where they might look to find that knowledge. British undergraduates do much more self-directed and independent study and reading, than in other countries.Students are they expected to think things through and come to their own conclusions and then to explain those conclusions, backing their conclusions with logical reasoning based on the facts. Simply regurgitating the facts that you tutor has taught on the course will not earn a British university degree. Lecturers and tutors do not tell students how to learn, or think and university learning in Britain is more than being force fed facts. Hence, in the United Kingdom, a student reads for a degree. The semester and modular system, therefore, caused academics some problems.Academics felt that the modular/semester system meant that students were sitting too many examinations,simply t o complete a module rather than as a necessary part of the learning process. For some subject areas, they also felt that modular learning encouraged compartmentalization of knowledge, rather than applying new knowledge to the subject as a whole, and that it discouraged lateral thinking. In other subject areas, they felt that the modular/semester system only allowed a surface knowledge of a particular topic area, whereas year-long study allowed both in-depth study and the necessary reflection and thinking that the subject requires.

Rock Fest at Hard Rock

Rock Fest at Hard Rock In order for specific events and projects to be successful, an effective and efficient plan is necessary. A plan reflects the doable outcome of the project or event at hand. Planning is described as the method of deciding what to do and the process of how to execute them (Kerzner, 2003). It allows the integration of communitys values, attitude, needs, and preference in coming up with sound ends. Good planning is signified by a fine short term decision that has major impact on long term objectives (Bartholomew, 2005).It is a social activity that involves various people, thus participation and guidance of people is vital as results are affected by how people are involved, and is not confine in identifying problems that the group would encounter and finding out the easiest solution to them. It could become a good learning process not only for the problems at hand but also for future situations (Kerzner, 2003). In holding an event such as a rock fest with a 9 m onth plan horizon, time is of the essence. For the first few months it is important to secure the services of the bands that would play on the darkness of the rock fest.It is the organizers first priority as performers have tight schedule and they might find it knotty to tap their services on the night of the scheduled event. For me, tapping their services and joining them altogether in one evening would be the most critical path. About a month or two after the event was proposed, a complete line up of performers should have been finalized and the target schedule date should be revealed. Organizers may find it hard to look for that common time of every band, if notification would not come during the early stages of the proposed rock event.Preparing the schedule and the list of the bands that would play would be the most thought-provoking part for the organizers. After the list has been prepared and bands have made their commitment to be included in the rock fest, the next phase f or the project would be advertising and promoting it. These would run for the next six months and so. The phase would include ironing out every details of the contract of the bands that would play, tickets sales, promotions, sponsorships and logistics.At this stage I specify limited problem since Hard Rock Cafe is well known posters, streamers and flyers could come in handy as funding for the project would not be limited and furthermore the organizer could easily make a tie up with their previous sponsors. The only thing that may derailed the projects construct is if the project coordinator failed to come up with a catchy title, poster designs and taglines that would make the rock fest even more exciting. A month before the rock fest, the emphasis then would be preparing for the rock site, lighting and sound systems and security, contributes heavily to the organizers focus.Good lighting and sound system add more change and excitement to rock fest. Thus the beauty of the two elem ents is a must. Security, on the other hand, is a major concern to prevent unruly fans and mob from enough more rowdy. This is another major challenge as many events are ruined by uncontrolled crowd. Bands unable to get into the venue and situation involving tweak cases would not pose a problem since a helicopter is on stand by ready to fly. With a good plan and proper management of resources from day one up to the night of the said event, there is no reason not to be optimistic with the rock fests result.

Nutrasweet in China Essay

To come up with a decision to the whether enter the Greater china Market or not we decided to advancement the case with a SWOT analysis. Strengths NutraSweet is an artificial hook that is one of the most recognized brand label in the United States and in the world. NutraSweets earnings per share is $ 6. 36 and with huge capitalization and investments in diverse harvest-feasts. Stacey has the approved budget of $ 500,000 to market NutraSweet in china.NutraSweet has the flexibility on how to position their convergence in terms of functionality, or either as sugar substitute or health product for diabetics. Weaknesses The look for conducted towards the Chinese consumers may not truly reflect the real sentiments of the consumers towards NutraSweet. NutraSweet has not decided on grammatical construction its own distribution system and may rely on foreign agents for distribution. NutraSweet is more expensive than habitual white sugar. Opportunities China is a big market and can p rovide higher profitability to the comp any(prenominal).China is the second or eighth largest economy in the world depending on how it was gauged. There is a perceived consumers infatuation with Western brands. Chinese maintain healthful lifestyle so the emf for NutraSweet to launch their product in China is strong. Threats Sugar is a common ho practisehold purchase as a sweetener and has been part of Chinese households for decades. Culture dictates that there might be difficulty in replacing tralatitious use of sugar with NutraSweet. The Chinese market is so diverse and it is difficult to come up with a general characteristic to define them.Artificial sweeteners are known by history of skepticism for saccharin and potential health hazards. There is difficulty in attracting and retaining local employees and as such, NutraSweet is having doubts in investing into training their merchandise and sales personnel for fear that the employees would not stay long in the follow. There are wholly really few foreign agents that operate in China. Sugar use and consumption levels differed among 3 light upon markets Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Beijing. Arthur Andersen survey in China showed that most joint ventures from food and drink were not profitable.Most MNCs in China are unprofitable despite substantial growth. Majority of the Chinese are considered flat-bellied and put one acrosst see the need for a diet regimen. The Chinese culture also dictates that they are not that concerned with their teeth, hence they dont have that fear of tooth decay. The company should enter the Greater China market as a niche product for consumers with a medical examination need. The company cannot delay its institution in the China market, especially with factors such as an average of 10% economic growth, a right away emerging middle class, and a high possibility in consumers increase purchasing power.Postponement of ledger adit may mean higher costs in the future and although the company w peaked(predicate) not flat profit from the venture, research showed that companies who entered the market 5 to 10 years ago were doing best. The knowledge gained from market entry impart allow NutraSweet to sharpen its future strategies. Pros The successful experience in establishing medical awareness in Hong Kong may be applied to the Greater China Market. Entering the Greater China market through and through the three key cities bequeath provide a better knowledge of the overall Chinese market.A natural market consisting of diabetics and obese customers already exist. Hospital stores and drug dispensaries do not have the negotiate strength that retailers have. Product entropy campaigns leave behind be facilitated by health professionals who will easily get a line and appreciate the products benefits. Promotion to medical professionals through associations will not need as much cost as a nationwide mass-market campaign. A $ 2,010,526. 31 in breakeven sales seems v ery feasible in the Chinese market.Cons The Chinese tend to be slim and had historically not been heedless by tooth decay. ? SHORT-TERM The Chinese consumers attraction to brand names, especially the number 1 in any category gives NutraSweet an opportunity to establish itself as a first mover in the medical instigate products under a new category of sweeteners. The company will launch a product information campaign for medical professionals and will also tap their associations. Associations of diabetics and obese consumers will also be tapped.The company will focus on relationship building with the medical manufacture. Since poor dental health is a problem in China, the company may also create an awareness drive on the ill effects of sugar on the teeth to lay the foundation of need awareness. The product will be packaged in sachet form with global brand and American image prominent on the sachet to address to the consumers preference for American brands. The company will capital ize on the convenience of bringing the sachets anywhere with you.The medical industry will be given free samples of the product. The doctors will be taught to promote daily use of the product, with sweetening of milk and coffee or hot drinks as one of the more common purposes. Consumers will be taught to use the product in readying through the provision of free recipe booklets and cooking demonstration classes. The product will be distributed in the three key cities of Greater China, namely, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing, where the medical industry is more developed compared with the other cities.The company will create its own distribution structure. The product will use the distribution channels of hospital stores and drug dispensaries. Since the focus is on niche marketing, the product will still be sourced from the U. S. plant. LONG-TERM The long-term goal will be to mass market the product in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and use the learnings from those markets to penetrate the ma rket Greater China. Establishing distribution ne iirks in the two countries will be easier, given the favorable business environments. In Hong Kong andTaiwan, the product will be repositioned as a healthy family lifestyle food, targeting the affluent, health and weight conscious consumers. Aggressive promotion will be pursued, such as print and media ads, and the employment of product endorsers, and store promotions. Consumer awareness and education will be the focus of the campaigns.

Digital Fortress Chapter 110-114

Chapter 110Jabba stared blankly at the printout Soshi had honourable handed him. Pale, he wiped his forehead on his sleeve. manager, we have no choice. Weve got to kill power to the databank.Unacceptable, Fontaine replied. The results would be devastating.Jabba knew the theater music director was right. Thither were everyplace three thousand ISDN connections tying into the NSA databank from entirely over the being. Every twenty-four hour period multitude commanders rise to powered up-to-the-instant satellite photos of enemy movement. Lockheed engineers flockloaded compartmentalized blueprints of new weaponry. Field operatives accessed mission updates. The NSA databank was the covering firebone of thousands of U.S. government operations. Shutting it smooth without contendning would ca consumption life-and-death intelligence blackouts all over the globe.Im aware of the implications, sir, Jabba verbalise, but we have no choice.Explain yourself, Fontaine ordered. He shot a quick glance at Susan standing beside him on the tree stump. She seemed miles away.Jabba took a deep breath and wiped his brow again. From the look on his pose, it was clear to the group on the podium that they were non going to like what he had to say.This worm, Jabba began. This worm is not an ordinary degenerative cycle. Its a selective cycle. In early(a) words, its a worm with taste.Brinkerhoff opened his mouth to speak, but Fontaine waved him off.Most destructive applications wipe a databank clean, Jabba continued, but this one is more complex. It deletes only those files that fall within certain parameters.You mean it wont attack the in all databank? Brinkerhoff asked hopefully. Thats good, right?No Jabba exploded. Its bad Its very fucking badCool it Fontaine ordered. What parameters is this worm looking for? array? Covert ops?Jabba shook his head. He eyed Susan, who was still distant, and then Jabbas eyes rose to meet the directors. Sir, as you k instanter, anyone who wants to tie into this databank from the outside has to pass a serial publication of security gates before theyre admitted.Fontaine nodded. The databanks access hierarchies were bright conceived authorized personnel could dial in via the Internet and World Wide Web. Depending on their authorization sequence, they were permitted access to their own compartmentalized zones.Because were tied to the global Internet, Jabba explained, hackers, foreign governments, and EFF sharks roofy this databank twenty-four hours a day and try to break in.Yes, Fontaine said, and twenty-four hours a day, our security filters keep them out. Whats your acid?Jabba gazed down at the printout. My invest is this. Tankados worm is not targeting our data. He cleared his throat. Its targeting our security filters.Fontaine blanched. Apparently he understood the implications-this worm was targeting the filters that unbroken the NSA databank confidential. Without filters, all of the information in the databan k would become accessible to incessantlyyone on the outside.We choose to shut down, Jabba repeated. In close an hour, any third grader with a modem is going to have top U.S. security clearance.Fontaine stood a long atomic number 42 without saying a word.Jabba waited impatiently and in conclusion turned to Soshi. Soshi VR NOWSoshi dashed off.Jabba relied on VR often. In roughly computer circles, VR meant virtual reality, but at the NSA it meant vis-rep-visual repre directation. In a world full of technicians and politicians all having unlike levels of technical understanding, a graphic representation was often the only way to make a point a single plummeting graph usually aroused ten times the reaction inspired by volumes of spreadsheets. Jabba knew a VR of the current crisis would make its point instantly.VR Soshi yelled from a terminal at the back of the room.A computer-generated diagram flashed to life on the wall before them. Susan gazed up absently, detached from the madn ess around her. Everyone in the room followed Jabbas gaze to the screen.The diagram before them resembled a bulls-eye. In the center was a red circle marked data. Around the center were five homocentric circles of differing thickness and color. The outermost circle was faded, almost transparent.Weve got a five-tier level of defense, Jabba explained. A primary Bastion Host, two sets of packet filters for FTP and X-eleven, a tunnel block, and finally a PEM-based authorization window right off the Truffle project. The outside shield thats disappearing represents the unfastened host. Its practically gone. Within the hour, all five shields go away follow. After that, the world pours in. Every byte of NSA data becomes commonplace domain.Fontaine studied the VR, his eyes smoldering.Brinkerhoff let out a weak whimper. This worm stand open our databank to the world?Childs play for Tankado, Jabba snapped. Gauntlet was our fail-safe. Strathmore blew it.Its an act of war, Fontaine whispered , an edge in his voice.Jabba shook his head. I really doubt Tankado ever meant for it to go this far. I suspect he intended to be around to stop it.Fontaine gazed up at the screen and watched the first of the five walls disappear entirely.Bastion Host is toast a technician yelled from the back of the room. Second shields exposedWeve got to start shutting down, Jabba urged. From the looks of the VR, weve got about forty-five minutes. Shutdown is a complex process.It was true. The NSA databank had been constructed in such a way as to ensure it would never lose power-accidentally or if attacked. Multiple fail-safes for telecommunicate and power were bury in reinforced steel canisters deep underground, and in addition to the feeds from within the NSA complex, thither were multiple backups off main public grids. Shutting down involved a complex series of confirmations and protocols- theaterificantly more complicated than the average nuclear submarine missile launch.We have time, Jabba said, if we hurry. Manual shutdown should exact about thirty minutes.Fontaine continued staring up at the VR, seemingly pondering his options.Director Jabba exploded. When these firewalls fall, every user on the planet will be issued top-security clearance And Im talking upper level Records of behind-the-scenes ops Overseas agents Names and locations of everyone in the federal witness protection program Launch code confirmations We mustiness shut down NowThe director seemed unmoved. There must be about other way.Yes, Jabba spat, in that respect is The kill-code But the only guy who knows it happens to be unusedHow about brute force? Brinkerhoff blurted. Can we see the kill-code?Jabba threw up his arms. For Christ sake Kill-codes are like encryption keys-random Impossible to guess If you think you can type 600 trillion entries in the next forty-five minutes, be my guestThe kill-codes in Spain, Susan offered weakly.Everyone on the podium turned. It was the first thing she had said in a long time.Susan looked up, bleary-eyed. Tankado gave it away when he died.Everyone looked lost.The pass-key Susan shivered as she spoke. commanding officer Strathmore sent someone to find it.And? Jabba demanded. Did Strathmores man find it?Susan tried to fight it, but the tears began to flow. Yes, she choked. I think so.Chapter 111An earsplitting yell cut by means of the control room. Sharks It was Soshi.Jabba spun toward the VR. Two thin lines had appeared outside the concentric circles. They looked like sperm trying to breach a reluctant egg.Bloods in the water, folks Jabba turned back to the director. I need a decision. Either we start shutting down, or well never make it. As soon as these two intruders see the Bastion Host is down, theyll send up a war cry.Fontaine did not respond. He was deep in thought. Susan Fletchers news of the pass-key in Spain seemed promising to him. He shot a glance toward Susan in the back of the room. She appeared to be in her own world, c ollapsed in a chair, her head buried in her hands. Fontaine was unsure exactly what had triggered the reaction, but whatever it was, he had no time for it now.I need a decision Jabba demanded. NowFontaine looked up. He spoke calmly. Okay, youve got one. We are not shutting down. Were going to wait.Jabbas welt dropped. What? But thats-A gamble, Fontaine interrupted. A gamble we just might win. He took Jabbas cellular and punched a a few(prenominal) keys. Midge, he said. Its Leland Fontaine. Listen carefully.Chapter 112You better know what the hell youre doing, Director, Jabba hissed. Were about to lose shut-down capability.Fontaine did not respond.As if on cue, the door at the back of the control room opened, and Midge came dashing in. She arrived breathless at the podium. Director The switchboard is patching it through right nowFontaine turned expectantly toward the screen on the search wall. Fifteen seconds later the screen crackled to life.The throw on screen was snowy and sti lted at first, and step by step grew sharper. It was a QuickTime digital transmission-only five frames per second. The image revealed two men. One was pale with a buzz cut, the other a blond all-American. They were seated facing the camera like two newscasters waiting to go on the air.What the hell is this? Jabba demanded.Sit tight, Fontaine ordered.The men appeared to be inside a cutting edge of some sort. Electronic cabling hung all around them. The audio connection crackled to life. Suddenly there was background noise.Inbound audio, a technician called from behind them. fivesome seconds till two-way.Who are they? Brinkerhoff asked, uneasily.Eye in the sky, Fontaine replied, gazing up at the two men he had sent to Spain. It had been a necessary precaution. Fontaine had believed in almost every aspect of Strathmores plan-the regrettable but necessary removal of Ensei Tankado, rewriting Digital Fortress-it was all solid. But there was one thing that made Fontaine nervous the use of Hulohot. Hulohot was skilled, but he was a mercenary. Was he trustworthy? Would he take the pass-key for himself? Fontaine wanted Hulohot covered, just incase, and he had taken the requisite measures.Chapter 113Absolutely not The man with the buzz cut yelled into the camera. We have orders We sketch to Director Leland Fontaine and Leland Fontaine onlyFontaine looked mildly amused. You dont know who I am, do you?Doesnt matter, does it? the blond fired hotly. allow me explain, Fontaine interjected. Let me explain something right now.Seconds later, the two men were red-faced, spilling their guts to the director of the National Security Agency. D-director, the blond stammered, Im component Coliander. This is Agent smith.Fine, Fontaine said. Just brief us.At the back of the room, Susan Fletcher sat and fought the suffocating loneliness that pressed down around her. Eyes closed, and ears ringing, she wept. Her body had gone numb. The mayhem in the control room faded to a dull murmur .The gathering on the podium listened, restless, as Agent Smith began his briefing.On your orders, Director, Smith began, weve been here in Seville for two days, trailing Mr. Ensei Tankado.Tell me about the kill, Fontaine said impatiently.Smith nodded. We observed from inside the van at about fifty meters. The kill was smooth. Hulohot was obviously a pro. But afterward his directive went awry. play along arrived. Hulohot never got the item.Fontaine nodded. The agents had contacted him in South America with news that something had gone wrong, so Fontaine had cut his trip short.Coliander took over. We stayed with Hulohot as you ordered. But he never made a move for the morgue. Instead, he picked up the trail of some other guy. Looked private. Coat and tie.Private? Fontaine mused. It sounded like a Strathmore play-wisely keeping the NSA out of it.FTP filters failing a technician called out.We need the item, Fontaine pressed. Where is Hulohot now?Smith looked over his shoulder. Well he s with us, sir.Fontaine exhaled. Where? It was the best new shed heard all day.Smith reached toward the lens to make an adjustment. The camera swept across the inside of the van to reveal two jerk bodies propped against the back wall. Both were motionless. One was a large man with twisted wire-rim glasses. The other was young with a shock of dark hair and a bloody shirt.Hulohots the one on the left, Smith offered.Hulohots dead? the director demanded.Yes, sir.Fontaine knew there would be time for explanations later. He glanced up at the thinning shields. Agent Smith, he said slowly and clearly. The item. I need it.Smith looked sheepish. Sir, we still have no idea what the item is. Were on a need-to-know.Chapter 114Then look again Fontaine declared.The director watched in dismay as the stilted image of the agents searched the two limp bodies in the van for a list of random numbers and letters.Jabba was pale. Oh my God, they cant find it. Were deadLosing FTP filters a voice yelled. Th ird shields exposed There was a new flurry of activity.On the front screen, the agent with the buzz cut held out his arms in defeat. Sir, the pass-key isnt here. Weve searched both men. Pockets. Clothing. Wallets. No sign at all. Hulohot was wearing a Monocle computer, and weve checked that too. It doesnt look like he ever transmittable anything remotely resembling random characters-only a list of kills.Dammit Fontaine seethed, suddenly losing his cool. Its got to be there Keep lookingJabba had apparently seen enough-Fontaine had gambled and lost. Jabba took over. The huge Sys-Sec descended from his pulpit like a storm off a mountain. He swept through his army of programmers calling out commands. Access auxiliary kills Start shutting it down Do it nowWell never make it Soshi yelled. We need a half hour By the time we shut down, it will be too lateJabba opened his mouth to reply, but he was cut short by a scream of agony from the back of the room.Everyone turned. Like an apparition, Susan Fletcher rose from her crouched position in the rear of the chamber. Her face was white, her eyes transfixed on the freeze-frame of David Becker, motionless and bloody, propped up on the floor of the van.You killed him she screamed. You killed him She stumbled toward the image and reached out. DavidEveryone looked up in confusion. Susan advanced, still calling, her eyes never leaving the projection of Davids body. David. She gasped, staggering forward. Oh, David how could they-Fontaine seemed lost. You know this man?Susan swayed unsteadily as she passed the podium. She stopped a few feet in front of the enormous projection and stared up, bewildered and numb, calling over and over to the man she loved.

Blood Disorders

Lily, a 4-year-old Caucasian female, has she been complaining of being drop on the whole the time. She is pale and is a special eater. Her bewilder is a single mom with a sm on the whole work out to feed a huge family. Lily eats only pasta, breads, and hot dogs, and she drinks only artificial fruit punch. Lily has adjure deficiency anaemia. Infants can be infected from the time of birth from certain forms of anemia. Certain forms of anemia ar he rosy-cheekeditary.When girls ar not acquiring the right amount of atomic number 26 out in their diet then they whitethorn become push deficiency. in that respect are m all different symptoms of iron deficiency anemia just the most common are swelling of the tongue, drying of the lips, and eating and craving ice. Lilys mother cannot afford the proper food filled with iron so the best thing that she can buy for Lily is foods and drinks that have vitamin C in it, such as orange juice. * * Davon is a 5-year-old African American m ale who has just go to Chicago, and he is visiting his revolutionary pediatrician for a kindergarten bodily.His mother tells the nurse that she carries the reap hook cell quality and wants Davon screened for it. Davon may have the reap hook cell trait. I would evidence that it would be hard to determine if Devon has a business line disorder be realise he has no symptoms. I do think that Devon is at risk of having sickle cell. sickle cell is a illness that is inherited. African-Americans are at greater risk for the disease than whatsoever other ethnic group. Sickle cell is caused by cistrontic affectedity. It is diagnosed by a declivity test. The extraction test measures the amount of abnormal sickle hemoglobin.Sickle cell can be treated by medications such as pain medications, anti-inflammatory drug medications, and antibiotics for infection. * * Spencer has noted over the past several weeks that he is having more bruises, or ecchymosed, all over his embody. later coug hing this morning, he noticed tiny red marks all around his eyes. Spencer has thrombocytopenia. I would say that Spencer is at risk for thrombocytopenia. Some symptoms for thrombocytopenia are easy or lavishnessive bussing, prolonged shed blood from cuts, and bleeding from the gums or nose.You can diagnose thrombocytopenia through a physical exam and a tune test. Sometimes no treatment is necessary for thrombocytopenia because the occupation heals on its own. However in few drives treatment may be necessary for the inherent cause or perhaps a simple eye transfusion from loss of blood. Thrombocytopenia could be prevented by treating the underlying causes that may cause thrombocytopenia. When having any type of blood disorder the best way to stay full-blooded is by keeping a healthy diet and seeing your physician regularly. * * * * * Sources 1) WebMD 2) Mayo Clinic * * squanderer Disorders fall disorders describe problems associated with blood components such as red blood cells , platelets, enzymes, plasma and white blood cells. The characteristics of blood disorders depend on the real blood disease. crinkle disorders can also be associated with hereditary characteristics whereby some disease causing organisms are transferred from parents to children. Blood disorders or diseases lead to continuous bleeding in typeface of an injury and poor blood back upting. Blood diseases result from abnormalities in blood itself or geological faults in blood vessels.The three given cases in this paper relates to various blood disorders associated with lifestyle, genetics and injuries. The first case of quartet years Amy, who complains of tiredness al the time and eats pasta, breads and hot dogs, and drinks artificial fruit punch, is a case of anemia. Amy is a pale and picky eater and her mother is single and cannot afford to feed large family so it means that her daughter consumes unbalanced diet. Anemia is a blood disorder whereby the number of red blood cells is i nsufficient to supply enough iron to body parts (Hadorn Ernst, 1961).Iron deficiency is the main cause of anemia and children are vulnerable to this disorder. Main characteristics of anemia acknowledge fatigue, slow healing of wounds, weakness, drowsiness and dizziness. Amy complains of being tired all the time and this is one of the main symptoms of anemia. The blood disorder is diagnosed through examination of blood warning and in many cases the red blood cells are small and pale. Anemia is treated by iron tablets and consumption of vegetables such as spinach and foods rich in iron.Anemia in this case of Amy can be prevented through consumption of well balanced diet and avoiding any circumstances that can lead to excess bleeding such as injuries. In the case of Marcus, a five-year-old African American male whose mother wants the nurse to screen his son for trait is a case of hemochromatosis. It is a case of hereditary blood disorder that has been transferred from mother to son. Hemochromatosis is one of the common hereditary blood disorders that make body tissues to exhaust too much iron. Being a hereditary disorder, hemochromatosis is known to develop from dietary iron intake (King E.John, 2002). The blood disorder leads to severe iron overlap in children and young adults. It is caused by defect in HFE gene responsible for controlling amount of iron observed from food. Children who inherit the defective gene from one parent become carries of the disease but may not develop it. Symptoms of hemochromatosis include joint pain, abdominal pain, and fatigue and heart problems. The blood disorder is diagnosed by collecting information concerning family history, physical examination and routine blood tests.Hemochromatosis is treated by controlling the amount of iron getting into the body through phlebotomy process. Prevention of hemochromatosis is very technical as it is a hereditary disease transferred from parents to children through genetics. However, it can be prevented by protecting the body from excess iron. In the case of Richard, he is likely to have thrombosis as is analyzed in his body condition of legion(predicate) bruises and tiny red marks around his eyes. Thrombosis is clotting of blood vessels because of blood clot that blocks a vein or artery. Blood clot is caused by damage of blood vessel or changes in blood flow.Symptoms of thrombosis include numerous bruises, swelling of body parts and red spots as a result of blood clot (Wood M. Stephen, 1997). Physical examination of body parts is the best alternative for thrombosis diagnosis. The blood disorder is treated by an anticoagulant that allows thinning of blood. Thrombosis can be prevented through wearing of pressure stockings and use of blood thinners. References Hadorn Ernst, 1961, developmental Genetics and Lethal Factors, Methuen, Ursula Mittwoch. King E. John, 2002, Mayo Clinic on Digestive Health, Mason Crest. Wood M. Stephen, 1997, Conguering High Blood Pressure, Per seus Books.Blood DisordersLily, a 4-year-old Caucasian female, has she been complaining of being tired all the time. She is pale and is a picky eater. Her mother is a single mom with a small budget to feed a large family. Lily eats only pasta, breads, and hot dogs, and she drinks only artificial fruit punch. Lily has iron deficiency anemia. Infants can be infected from the time of birth from certain forms of anemia. Certain forms of anemia are hereditary.When girls are not getting the proper amount of iron in their diet then they may become iron deficiency. There are many different symptoms of iron deficiency anemia but the most common are swelling of the tongue, drying of the lips, and eating and craving ice. Lilys mother cannot afford the proper food filled with iron so the best thing that she can buy for Lily is foods and drinks that have vitamin C in it, such as orange juice. * * Davon is a 5-year-old African American male who has just moved to Chicago, and he is visiting his ne w pediatrician for a kindergarten physical.His mother tells the nurse that she carries the sickle cell trait and wants Davon screened for it. Davon may have the sickle cell trait. I would say that it would be hard to determine if Devon has a blood disorder because he has no symptoms. I do think that Devon is at risk of having sickle cell. Sickle cell is a disease that is inherited. African-Americans are at greater risk for the disease than any other ethnic group. Sickle cell is caused by genetic abnormality. It is diagnosed by a blood test. The blood test measures the amount of abnormal sickle hemoglobin.Sickle cell can be treated by medications such as pain medications, anti-inflammatory medications, and antibiotics for infection. * * Spencer has noted over the past several weeks that he is having more bruises, or ecchymosed, all over his body. After coughing this morning, he noticed tiny red marks all around his eyes. Spencer has thrombocytopenia. I would say that Spencer is at ri sk for thrombocytopenia. Some symptoms for thrombocytopenia are easy or excessive bussing, prolonged bleeding from cuts, and bleeding from the gums or nose.You can diagnose thrombocytopenia through a physical exam and a blood test. Sometimes no treatment is necessary for thrombocytopenia because the problem heals on its own. However in some cases treatment may be necessary for the underlying cause or perhaps a blood transfusion from loss of blood. Thrombocytopenia could be prevented by treating the underlying causes that may cause thrombocytopenia. When having any type of blood disorder the best way to stay healthy is by keeping a healthy diet and seeing your physician regularly. * * * * * Sources 1) WebMD 2) Mayo Clinic * *

Diagrid

DIAGRID THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT number and edifice of stylized infra coordinate on the lines of biomimicking principles guides the development of high uply advanced geomorphological agreements which has the qualities of esthetic expression, morphologic efficiency and to the highest degree importantly geometric versatility. Dia control grids, the latest novelty of hollow structures, gift an optimum cabal of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its morphological behavior to a lower turn up filling and the concept and verbalism of diagrid guests atomic number 18 described.A sideslip study of nearly recent diagrid lanky structures, namely the Swiss Re build in London, the Hearst hulk in bran-newly York, and the West Guangzhou reign in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE three-sided DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION 2. 2MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURALACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT O F gravitational push back incumbrance up 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL effect 3. 3EFFECT OF gazump LOADING 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5EFFECT OF flat AND VERTICAL CURVATURE on a lower s foundationdalizeVERTICAL LOADING 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE beneath HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND twirl OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1MATERIALS utilize FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4 erection OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2HEARST fountain 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids argon perimeter geomorphological mixed bags characterized by a narrow grid of bezant constituents which argon involved twain in gravity and in askance load shelter. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing in soldiers(p) solutions both in impairment of intensity and stiffness a tomic number 18 non new ,however nowa twenty-four hour periods a renewed interest in and a spaciousspread application of diagrid is registered with reference to outsize span and high rise creates, particularly when they ar characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, whatsoever clocks by completely detached founds.Comp bed to conventional non real structures for tall creates much(prenominal) as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry askance wind slews more(prenominal) more efficiently by their sloping members axial action mechanism. Among the voluminous-span constructs some examples ar represented by the Seatlle Library, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several nifty Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as rise as by some dazzling projects standardized the Astana National library.Among tall sayings, noneworthy examples are the Swiss Re construct in London, the Hearst ris e in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral rear in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital adit in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the mental synthesis of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. . The diagrid systems are the developing of braced tube structures, since the erimeter physique still holds for preserving the upper limit digression resistance and unyieldingity, while, with adore to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete reasoning by elimination of the conventional upright tugs. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as sidelong pressures delinquent to their triangulated configuration, in the first place internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing gazump racking loadings.To part with the behavior of sanctioned Diagrid faculty is discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into staffs according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. apiece Diagrid module is define by a iodin level of diagonals that extend over n stories. human body 1 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal careen 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, the like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning second and providing flexural rigidity by axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never amply achievable, due(p) to shear deformations that arise in the building webs with this rega rd, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. magic spell a module angle equal to 35 ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum interlocking of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle honour of 90, i. e. vertical columns. and then in diagrid systems, where vertical columns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a equaliser in the midst of this both conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is use. i. OPTIMAL lean As in the diagrids, diagonals carry bothshear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonalsis exceedingly dependent upon the building height. Since theoptimal angle of the columns for maximum bendingrigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals formaximum shear rigidity is rough 35 degrees, it isexpected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures allow fall amidst these angles and asthe building height increases, the optimal angle alsoincreases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS ? tip of the moduleIt depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with bonny level height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m on an average. ? viewpoint of the moduleIt depends on the height and optimal angle ( vertex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF gloominess LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downwardsly vertical force, NG,mod, causes the cardinal diagonals being both in compression and the plain chord in tension. count 2 set up of Gravity Loading. 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder crosswise load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the prime joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with commissioning and loudness of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually lessen values in modules located on the Web sides . rule 3 make of Lateral Loading. 3. 3EFFECT OF surcharge LOADING The global shear VW causes a even force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,mod, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly sorb by the modules located on the web facades , i. e. parallel to the load direction. determine 4 Effect of Shear Loading 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the outside load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. even, since the triplicity module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at e actually floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a level member at each floor girder to diagonal inter parting allows for the concentration of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing axial force condition. chassis5 Effect of non-apex loading. 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING The above simplify analysis of the diagr id module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the skim over of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curve ball effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an anglewith respect to the vertical direction, the effect of both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional plane force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each an opposite(prenominal) along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or send for beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. Figure6 Effect of vertical and horizontal curve ball. 3. 6EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outbound forces arising in the horizontal plane. Figure7 Effect of horizontal curvature. 4. 1MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS Material weft for a Diagrid construction is based on the following particularors . They are a)Unit weight of the framework. b)Availability of the strong. ) take on Time. d) toilsome-on Time. e)Flexibility. f)Durability. g) get cost. h)Fire resistance. The basic materials use in Diagrid construction are Steel, cover and Wood. The copulation merits and demerits of utilize them are discussed at a lower place. I. STEEL Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The usual steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and routine HSS. ?Steel Wide Flanges Advantages-The weight and size of total flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experienc e. Thus use of gigantic flanges results in trim structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, trim back fatigue costs in the field. Disadvantages-Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead age. ?Rectangular and Round HSS Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection condemnation, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections willing pauperization a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node guides. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE cover is an opposite widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?Precast cover Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fulfil to the complex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against stru ctural fire damage. Disadvantages-The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an render. ?Cast-in-situ Concrete Under an efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material durability, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of quality are other major emergences. 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN Figure 8 Load track at invitee The diagrid segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load passageway can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset rest home and stiffeners, and so to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of ductile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of implode connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the peculiarity of the bolts should be knowing carefully. Figure9 Node Design Plan 4. NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures aremore complicated and tend to be more dear(predicate) than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be make more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a restrain factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the distinctive case. Figure10 Node detail for the Hearst Tower The pr efabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more ir unceasing, generating appropriate construction modules is decisive for transgress constructability. though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using todays CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. Figure11 A Diagrid node after fabrication 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the construction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include ? In-place steel computer storage welding ?Lifting up piece by piece. ?Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?In-place welding. ?High strength bolts assembly. ?Setting up perimeter girders Figure12 kink Plan of Diagrid Figure13 Diagrid Erection Process CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING Figure14 Swiss Re Building, London 30 St. Mary Axe also known as the Swiss Re Building in London, is the first modernistic application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along bringing up, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at prove level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and crackpot dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a patte rn of encounter diagonals which follow the volute path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a serial of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a A-shape frame. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the terminal floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members prepare RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central aggregate, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2HEARSTTOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the feature article diamond effect in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the farming level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. Figure15 The Hearst Tower, New York. 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in mainland china and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite str ucture, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the ordinal floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. Figure16 Guangzhou West Tower, China CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS whatever major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and indoor, hence free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)The sparkler facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure . 3)The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1/5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )The construction techniques involved are simple, besides they need to be perfect. 5)The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this wordiness then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved draw for the DiaGrid in todays landscape of building. 6. DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below 1)As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not thoroughly explored. 2)Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no expe rience creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)The DiaGrid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)It is hard to design windows that create a regular wrangle from floor to floor. 5)The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be cumbrous or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global race is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and debasement of vital life sentence supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to spirt house emissions, has the honorable obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound companionship an d understanding of natures mechanisms and modeling of all artificial infrastructure in close semblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. to the highest degree of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and g eometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and peculiar(prenominal) Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8thWorld Congress, 2008.DiagridDIAGRID THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN DAY BUILDER ABSTRACT Design and construction of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles requires the development of highly advanced structural systems which has the qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and most importantly geometric versatility. Diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular struct ures, have an optimum combination of the above qualities. In this paper, the peculiarities of the Diagrid, its structural behavior under loading and the design and construction of diagrid nodes are described.A case study of some recent diagrid tall buildings, namely the Swiss Re Building in London, the Hearst Tower in New York, and the West Guangzhou Tower in china is also presented. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 2. THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION 2. 2MODULE GEOMETRY 3. STRUCTURALACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADING 3. 3EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADING 3. 5EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDERVERTICAL LOADING 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING 4. DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DIAGRID NODES 4. 1MATERIALSUSED FOR DIAGRIDS 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN 4. 3NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES 5. CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING 5. 2HEARSTTOWER 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWER 6. MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 2DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 7. CONCLUSION CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTIONThe Diagrids are perimeter structural configurations characterized by a narrow grid of diagonal members which are involved both in gravity and in lateral load resistance. Diagonalized applications of structural steel members for providing efficient solutions both in terms of strength and stiffness are not new ,however nowadays a renewed interest in and a widespread application of diagrid is registered with reference to large span and high rise buildings, particularly when they are characterized by complex geometries and curved shapes, sometimes by completely free forms.Compared to conventional orthogonal structures for tall buildings such as framed tubes, diagrid structures carry lateral wind loads much more efficiently by their diagonal members axial action. Among the large-span buildings some examples are represented by the Seatlle Libr ary, the London City Hall, the One Shelley Street in Sydney, and more recently by several outstanding Pavilions realized at the Shanghai 2010 Expo, (e. g. France, UAE) as well as by some dazzling projects like the Astana National library.Among tall buildings, noteworthy examples are the Swiss Re building in London, the Hearst tower in New York, the CCTV headquarters building in Beijing, the Mode Gakuen Spiral Tower in Aichi, the Cyclone Tower in Asan, the West tower in Guangzhou, the Lotte super tower in Seoul, the Capital Gate in Abu Dhabi, the Bow project in Calgary, the Building of Qatar Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Doha. . The diagrid systems are the evolution of braced tube structures, since the erimeter configuration still holds for preserving the maximum bending resistance and rigidity, while, with respect to the braced tube, the mega-diagonal members are diffusely spread over the facade, giving rise to closely spaced diagonal elements and allowing for the complete eliminat ion of the conventional vertical columns. Therefore the diagonal members in diagrid structures act both as inclined columns and as bracing elements, and carry gravity loads as well as lateral forces due to their triangulated configuration, mainly internal axial forces arise in the members, thus minimizing shear racking effects.To begin with the behavior of basic Diagrid module is discussed, followed by construction process. Then the merits and demerits of Diagrids are listed. CHAPTER-2 THE TRIANGULAR DIAGRID MODULE 2. 1INTRODUCTION Diagrid structure is modeled as a beam, and subdivided longitudinally into modules according to this repetitive diagonal pattern. Each Diagrid module is defined by a single level of diagonals that extend over n stories. Figure 1 8 storey Diagrid with 60 degree diagonal angle 2. 2 MODULE GEOMETRYDiagrid structures, like all the tubular configurations, utilize the overall building plan dimension for counteracting overturning moment and providing flexural r igidity through axial action in the diagonals, which acts as inclined columns however, this potential bending efficiency of tubular configuration is never fully achievable, due to shear deformations that arise in the building webs with this regard, diagrid systems, which provide shear resistance and rigidity by means of axial action in the diagonal members, rather than bending moment in beams and columns, allows for a nearly full exploitation of the theoretical bending resistance. Being the diagrid a triangulated configuration of structural members, the geometry of the single module plays a major role in the internal axial force distribution, as well as in conferring global shear and bending rigidity to the building structure. While a module angle equal to 35 ensures the maximum shear rigidity to the diagrid system, the maximum engagement of diagonal members for bending stiffness corresponds to an angle value of 90, i. e. vertical columns.Thus in diagrid systems, where vertical colu mns are completely eliminated and both shear and bending stiffness must be provided by diagonals, a balance between this two conflicting requirements should be searched for defining the optimal angle of the diagrid module. Usually Isosceles triangular geometry is used. i. OPTIMAL ANGLE As in the diagrids, diagonals carry bothshear and moment. Thus, the optimal angle of diagonalsis highly dependent upon the building height. Since theoptimal angle of the columns for maximum bendingrigidity is 90 degrees and that of the diagonals formaximum shear rigidity is about 35 degrees, it isexpected that the optimal angle of diagonal members fordiagrid structures will fall between these angles and asthe building height increases, the optimal angle alsoincreases. Usually adopted range is 60 -70 degree. i. MODULE DIMENSIONS ?Height of the moduleIt depends on the number of stories stacked per module. Usually 2 6 stories are stacked per diagrid with average floor height varying from 3. 5 -4. 15 m o n an average. ?Base of the moduleIt depends on the height and optimal angle (apex angle) of the diagrid. CHAPTER-3 STRUCTURAL ACTION OF A DIAGRID MODULE 3. 1EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOADING The diagrid module under gravity loads G is subjected to a downward vertical force, NG,mod, causes the two diagonals being both in compression and the horizontal chord in tension. Figure 2 Effect of Gravity Loading. 3. 2EFFECT OF LATERAL LOADINGUnder horizontal load W, the overturning moment MW causes vertical forces in the apex joint of The diagrid modules, NW,mod, with direction and intensity of this force depending on the position of the Diagrid module, with upward / downward direction and maximum intensity in modules located on the Windward / leeward facades, respectively, and gradually decreasing values in modules located on the Web sides . Figure 3 Effect of Lateral Loading. 3. 3EFFECT OF SHEAR LOADING The global shear VW causes a horizontal force in the apex joint of the diagrid modules, Vw,m od, which intensity depends on the position of the module with respect to the direction of wind load, i. e. the shear force VW is mainly absorbed by the modules located on the web facades, i. e. parallel to the load direction. Figure 4 Effect of Shear Loading 3. 4EFFECT OF NON-APEX LOADINGFor deriving internal forces in the diagrid elements, it has been implicitly assumed that the external load is transferred to the diagrid module only at the apex node of the module itself. However, since the triangle module usually expands over a certain number of stories, transfer of loads to the module occurs at every floor level, thus also concentrated loads along the diagonal length are present as a consequence, bending moment and shear force are expected due to this load condition. However the introduction of a horizontal member at each floor girder to diagonal intersection allows for the absorption of the force component orthogonal to the diagonal direction, thus preserving the prevailing a xial force condition. Figure5 Effect of non-apex loading. 3. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL CURVATURE UNDER VERTICAL LOADING The above simplified analysis of the diagrid module has been carried out implicitly assuming that the plane of the triangular module coincides with the vertical plane however, recent Applications often concern buildings characterized by curvilinear, non prismatic forms, which require the study of the diagrid curvature effect on the internal force distribution. In particular, by considering that the single module may be inclined of an anglewith respect to the vertical direction, the effect of both gravity loads and overturning moment gives rise to an additional horizontal force, in the direction Orthogonal to the module plane.Therefore the chords of the diagrid modules, continuously connected Each other along the building perimeter at the diagonal intersections, also act as hopping elements or Ring beams, for absorbing these horizontal forces. Figure6 Effect of vertical and horizontal curvature. 3. 6EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL CURVATURE UNDER HORIZONTAL LOADING When the building has a nonrectangular, rounded plans, similar effects due to this horizontal curvature develop under the action of Lateral shear, and the ring beams also collect these outward forces arising in the horizontal plane. Figure7 Effect of horizontal curvature. 4. 1MATERIALS USED FOR DIAGRIDDS Material selection for a Diagrid construction is based on the following factors . They are a)Unit weight of the material. b)Availability of the material. )Lead Time. d)Erection Time. e)Flexibility. f)Durability. g)Labor cost. h)Fire resistance. The basic materials used in Diagrid construction are Steel, Concrete and Wood. The relative merits and demerits of using them are discussed below. I. STEEL Steel is by far the most popular material for Diagrid constructions. The typical steel sections used are Wide flanges, Rectangular HSS and Round HSS. ?Steel Wide Flanges Advantages- The weight and Size of wide flanges are optimized to resist the high bending loads many of the members experience. Thus use of wide flanges results in reduced structure weight and flexibility of size.The sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection by crane, reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages-Pre-fabrication of the Diagrid sections takes a longer lead time. ?Rectangular and Round HSS Advantages- As with wide flanges, HSS sections can be prefabricated in multi-panel sections, allowing quick erection time, also reducing labor costs in the field. Disadvantages- Use of HSS sections will need a change in floor layouts as the beams will need to frame into the node points. This reduces the floor flexibility and efficiency. II. CONCRETE Concrete is another widespread material for Diagrid constructions.It is used both in Precast and Cast-in-situ forms. ?Precast concrete Advantages-The flexibility of precast sections allows them to fit to the co mplex building geometries. Concrete also offers extreme safety against structural fire damage. Disadvantages-The use of Concrete increases the dead load on the foundations, deflections of long spans, etc. Creep in concrete is also an issue. ?Cast-in-situ Concrete Under an Efficient material management system, cast-in-situ concrete is the best material in terms of material cost. Lead time is virtually nothing as cast-in-situ is available on demand. III. TIMBER Timber is the least popular material for Diagrid constructions.Advantages- Multi-panel sections can reduce erection time and labor cost. Disadvantages Timber cost, both for material and connection, are much higher than the traditional structural materials of steel and concrete. Owing to its lesser material strength, the member sizes would be very large and hence is not preferred for major construction works. Durability and weathering of timber are other major issues. 4. 2DIAGRID NODE DESIGN Figure 8 Load path at Node The diagr id segments are planned to minimize onsite butt welding and the welding locations illustrated in Figure 9. The load path can be divided into two main scenarios, vertical load and horizontal shear their combination), as shown in Figure 8.The vertical load will be transferred in the form of an axial load from the diagrid members above the node to the gusset plate and stiffeners, then to the diagrid members below the nodes as shown. The horizontal shear will be in the form of axial loads in the diagrid members above the node with one in compression and one in tension to the gusset plate and stiffeners. The force will then be transferred as shear force in the gusset plate and then to the other pair of tensile and compressive forces on the diagrid members below the node. From this load path, the shear force at the location of bolt connections is high under lateral loads. Because this may create weak points at the node particularly during earthquakes, the strength of the bolts should be d esigned carefully. Figure9 Node Design Plan 4. NODE CONSTRUCTION FOR DIAGRID STRUCTURES Constructability is a serious issue in diagrid structures because the joints of diagrid structures aremore complicated and tend to be more expensive than those of conventional orthogonal structures. In order to reduce jobsite work, prefabrication of nodal elements is essential. Due to the triangular configuration of the diagrid structural system, rigid connections are not necessary at the nodes, and pin connections using bolts can be made more conveniently at the jobsite. If considerately designed using appropriate prefabrication strategy, constructability will not be such a limiting factor of the diagrid structures.Prefabrication of diagrid nodes for conventional rectangular shape buildings can be done relatively easily and economically because many nodes of the same configuration are required in this case. The Hearst Headquarters in New York is the typical case. Figure10 Node detail for the H earst Tower The prefabricated nodes are connected to the large built-up diagonal members by bolts at the jobsite. As building form becomes more irregular, generating appropriate construction modules is critical for better constructability. Though it is possible to produce any complex shape construction module using todays CAD/CAM technology, it is not the most economical solution. Extracting regularity from an irregular building form, and then adjusting the building form following the extracted regularity could be one approach.Another approach could be to make the construction modules relatively regular and design universal connections so that they can accommodate any irregularity. Figure11 A Diagrid node after fabrication 4. 4ERECTION OF DIAGRID NODES During construction, the stability in the in-plane direction can be provided by the modules themselves and in the out-of-plane direction can be provided by the tie beams at the node. The temporary restraint to the diagrid and the con struction may be minimized. The various steps in the Diagrid erection process include ? In-place steel shop welding ?Lifting up piece by piece. ?Trial shop assembly of parts with high strength bolts. ?In-place welding. ?High strength bolts assembly. ?Setting up perimeter girders Figure12Construction Plan of Diagrid Figure13 Diagrid Erection Process CHAPTER-5 CASE STUDIES 5. 1SWISS RE BUILDING Figure14 Swiss Re Building, London 30 St. Mary Axe also known as the Swiss Re Building in London, is the first modern application and the most representative example of diagrid structure. Designed by Sir Norman Foster, with 40 stories and an inter-story height of 4. 15 m, the tower is 180 meters tall. The building is circular in plan with diameter changing along elevation, equal to 56 m at its widest point, at the 20 story, reducing to 49 m at ground level, and to 30 m at the 38 level, where a steel and glass dome tops off the building.The diagrid structure is generated by a pattern of int ersecting diagonals which follow the helical path of the so called light wells, created for enforcing natural light and air circulation. It is formed by a series of steel triangles, two-story high and 9 m wide, with an intermediate tie connecting the two diagonals, which gives to the module the aspect of a A-shape frame. The diagonals are CHS members, with cross section between 508 x 40 mm at the lowest floors and 273 x 12. 5 mm at the top, while the chord members have RHS, 250 x 300 mm with wall thickness of 25mm. The circular central core, which has constant diameter along elevation, does not contribute to the lateral resistance and rigidity, being a simple frame structure. 5. 2HEARSTTOWERThe Hearst Tower in New York was designed by Sir Norman Foster the building, 46 stories and 183 meters tall, has a prismatic form and a rectangular floor plan, 48 x 37m and is built on an existent 6 storey building. The diagrid structure, creating the characteristic diamond effect in the facade, rises from 12 composite columns, which reach the tenth floor starting from the ground level. The diagrid module is 12. 25 m wide and 16. 54 m high, and covers four stories. The diagonal cross section are I shape, with maximum size W14x370 at the base of the diagrid (tenth level), while the megacolumns between the tenth and the ground level are concrete filled box section 1100 x 1100 x 10m. Figure15 The Hearst Tower, New York. 5. 3GUANGZHOU WEST TOWERThe Guangzhou West Tower, designed by Wilkinson Eyre architects, London with 103 stories and a height of 440m, is the tallest building in China and one of the tallest in the world. The building has a curvilinear shape along elevation and the floor plate is an equilateral triangle with round-corners, with side 65 m at the base, increasing to a maximum value of 65 m at approximately 1/3 of the way up the building, at which point the side begins to reduce, up to 43. 5 m at the top. It has a composite structure, made by a central concrete core and perimeter diagrid structure, with the diagrid module expanding on six stories, 12. 4 m wide and 24. 8 m high. The diagonals are steel tubular members filled by concrete (CFST), with size ranging between 1080 x 55 mm at the first floor and 700 x 20mm at the top.The concrete core has a triangle shape with chamfered corners and fully participates to the lateral resistance up to the seventh floor, where it is eliminated, leaving place to a central giant atrium for the hotel which occupies the upper floors. Figure16 Guangzhou West Tower, China CHAPTER-6 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS 6. 1MERITS OF DIAGRIDS Some major benefits of using Diagrids in structures are discussed below. 1)The Diagrid structures besides the service core have mostly column free exterior and interior, hence free and clear, unique floor plans are Possible. 2)The Glass facades and dearth of interior columns allow generous amounts of day lighting into the structure. 3)The use of Diagrids results in roughly 1 /5th(20%) reduction in steel as compared to Braced frame structures. )The construction techniques involved are simple, yet they need to be perfect. 5)The Diagrids makes maximum exploitation of the structural Material. 6)The diagrid Structures are aesthetically dominant and expressive. 7)Redundancy in the DiaGrid design is obvious. It is this redundancy then that can transfer load from a failed portion of the structure to another. Skyscraper structural failure, as it is such an important/ prominent topic, can be minimized in a DiaGrid design A DiaGrid has better ability to redistribute load than a Moment Frame skyscraper. Thus creating a deserved appeal for the DiaGrid in todays landscape of building. 6. DEMERITS OF DIAGRIDS Some demerits of using Diagrids are mentioned below 1)As of yet, the Diagrid Construction techniques are not thoroughly explored. 2)Lack of availability of skilled workers . Construction crews have little or no experience creating a DiaGrid skyscraper. 3)The Dia Grid can dominate aesthetically, which can be an issue depending upon design intent. 4)It is hard to design windows that create a regular language from floor to floor. 5)The DiaGrid is heavy-handed ( can be clumsy or unstable) if not executed properly. CHAPTER -7 CONCLUSION We are at a time when the global population is inching the 7 billion mark.Around the globe we witness frequent recurrence of natural calamities, depletion and degradation of vital life supporting systems, all presumed to be the impacts of Global warming, making life miserable on earth. It is high time for humanity to switch to sustainable and eco-friendly lines of infrastructure development. The construction industry, the greatest contributor to green house emissions, has the moral obligation to play the lead. The most stable and sustainable of ecosystems is the natural ecosystems. Attainment of sustainability goals would require sound knowledge and understanding of natures mechanisms and modeling of all artifici al infrastructure in close resemblance to it.Owing to the complexity due to size and geometry of the natural systems, development of artificial infrastructure on the lines of biomimicking principles, is in fact the greatest challenge the modern day builder would have to confront with. Thus a modern day structural system should have extreme efficiency in terms of strength, expression, and geometric versatility. Most of the present structural systems are highly advanced in terms of structural efficiency and aesthetic quality, but lacks the much needed geometric versatility. As we have seen, the diagrids, the latest mutation of tubular structures, has in addition to strength and aesthetics, that extra quality of geometric versatility, making it the most suited structural system to this respect.Thus the diagrid, with an optimal combination of qualities of aesthetic expression, structural efficiency and geometric versatility is indeed the language of the modern day builder. REFERENCES 1. MOON, K. , CONNOR, J. J. and FERNANDEZ, J. E. (2007). Diagrid Structural Systems for Tall Buildings Characteristics and Methodology for Preliminary Design, The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, Vol. 16. 2, pp 205-230. 2. MAURIZIO TORENO (2011). An overview on diagrid structures for tall buildings, Structural Engineers World Congress 2011. 3. KIM JONG SOO, KIM YOUNG SIK, LHO SEUNG HEE(2008). Structural Schematic Design of a Tall Building in Asan using the Diagrid System, CTBUH 8thWorld Congress, 2008.