Real estate in america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Real estate in america - Essay Example No doubt, this study give quantitative proof of the degree to which public real estate management put into practice at the present lags at the back the private sector, an knowledge gap that may point to suboptimal management of openly owned real estate in general, and puts the public division at a difficulty when dealing by means of developers in combined projects. No doubt, this gap means that in general management of public property frequently falls short of consequences in meeting rule objectives. No doubt, planners could play a better role in public real estate management, but cannot efficiently manage properties themselves or connect in winning joint growth with no more official training in real estate finance. The methodology here is a direct topic-by-topic comparison of property management activity in the private sector with that in the public sector. The evidence for the private sector comes from five recently published surveys of real estate management practices among non-real-estate firms in the United States. This literature on corporate real estate management surveys organization of the real estate management function, performance evaluation, record and information management, rules for choice on property gaining and nature, role and efficiency of the real estate decision-making, and real estate activities.

The Awakening Essay Example for Free

The Awakening Essay Kate Chopin wrote for a reason and with a sense of passion and desire. She lived the way she wanted to and wrote what she felt, thought, and wanted to say. Kate wrote for many years and her popularity was extreme until critical disapproval of her novel, The Awakening, a story that portrayed women’s desires of independence and control of their own sexuality. Most men condemned this story, while women applauded her for it. Kate wrote with a sense of realism and naturalism and she created a voice that is unique and unmatched. The voice gave a view of the female role in society and contributed to the beginning of the later feminist movements. In 1915, Fred Lewis Pattee wrote, some of Chopins work is equal to the best that has been produced in France or even in America. She displayed what may be described as a native aptitude for narration amounting almost to genius (qtd. in Amazon. com â€Å"About the Author†). Kate Chopin was a 19th century American author who cared about women and their rights. She was a bold writer who had a huge impact on how the world should treat women. On February 8, 1851, Katherine O’Flaherty was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Kate was born to the parents of Thomas O’Flaherty and Eliza Faris. Her father was a wealthy Irish immigrant and a successful businessman. Sadly, Kate’s father died in a railway accident when she was only four years old. Kate’s childhood was influenced mostly by her mother and great-grandmother. Kate spent much time with her family’s Creole and mulatto slaves, becoming familiar with their dialects. She attended Sacred Heart convent where she was a very poor student, but an avid reader. At the age of eleven Kate’s great-grandmother as well as her half-brother died. These two deaths caused Kate to seclude herself in the family attic to study more books (Authors and Artists par. 5). Kate’s schooling was irregular and she herself attributed her education more to her reading, than to the education she received at the Sacred Heart convent. At the age of seventeen she graduated with a passion for literature and storytelling. She spent two years as a belle in St. Louis society becoming aware of feminist social issues (World Biography par. 2). â€Å"She began to smoke cigarettes and wrote a feminist fable, ‘Emancipation. She read and admired the works of Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, and George Sand† (qtd, in Bloom 10). Kate preferred to spend time alone reading instead of attending socials all night. Although Kate spent a lot of time reading by herself, it did not stop her from writing what she saw in the world around her. In June 1870, Kate married a cotton trader and Creole named Oscar Chopin. Together they moved to New Orleans. While Oscar worked as a cotton factor and began handling sales, finances, and supplies for other plantation owners, Kate lived her care-free life (Authors and Artists par.7). Kate began to write about what she saw. She adopted two strange habits for women; smoking cigarettes and walking unaccompanied through the city. Kate took on the demanding social and domestic schedule of a Southern aristocrat. These memories would later serve as material for her short stories (World Biography par. 2). In 1880 Kate and her family were forced to moves to her father-in-law’s home in Cloutierville, Louisiana’s Red River bayou region. Here they became active members of the Creole community. Sadly in 1883 Oscar died of swamp fever, forcing Kate to take over. Kate came in contact with every part of the community, including the French-Acadian, Creole, and mulatto croppers who worked the plantation. These impressions later influenced her fiction (World Biography par. 2). After Oscar’s death Kate found herself stuck having to handle five children while $12,000 dollars in debt. Kate managed to run the family business until 1884 when she moved back to St. Louis. When she returned home she began writing about her life in Louisiana and this is when her career began. Kate settled in with her mother and began to write. Within a year Kate’s mother died and Kate was left in a state of depression. Following the deaths of Oscar and Kate’s mother, Kate was consulted by a doctor. He encouraged Kate to write (World Biography par. 3). Many of Kate’s friends also found her letters entertaining and encouraged her to write short stories. She began to write about the Louisiana past. After being rejected many times Kate got her short stories published in the most popular American periodicals, including America, Vogue, and the Atlantic (World Biography par. 3). Kate’s reputation grew because of her early success with Bayou Folk and A Night in Acadie. Her first novel, At Fault, was published in 1890 in her home city. Nine years later Kate’s first poem, â€Å"If it Might Be,† was published. Kate wrote over one hundred short stories during the 1890s (Bloom 10). Kate was very successful, but she became known only as a local color writer and her qualities were overlooked. This did not stop Kate from writing. Kate wrote only one or two days each week and even then she only wrote in her living room while her children played. Kate also had a salon in St. Louis where she hosted St. Louis celebrities (Authors and Artists par. 15). This is where Kate wrote many articles, short stories and periodicals, including Atlantic Monthly, Criterion, Harper’s Young People, St. Louis Dispatch, and Vogue (Feminist Writers par. 1). Kate’s first collection reflects her skills as a local colorist and center on the loves of the Creoles and Acadians in her Parish. Many of Kate’s stories addressed many themes, including women’s emancipation and marital discord (Authors and Artists par 10). â€Å"Considered one of the foremost Southern regionalist writers, Kate Chopin’s fiction details the culture in which she lived during her childhood and marriage† (qtd. in Feminist Writers par. 2). Kate published her final novel, The Awakening, in 1899. The Awakening is known as her masterpiece and is a seminal work in American feminist fiction. Fiction was Kate’s greatest strength (Authors and Artists par 18). In her stories of Bayou Folk, A Night in Acadie, and The Awakening Kate writes about the sexual, racial, and moral background of polite southern Louisiana life (Feminist Writers par 2). The Awakening received many negative reviews because of the way Kate portrayed women and their desires. With the rejection of A Vocation and a Voice and the harsh reviews of The Awakening Kate’s career slowly began to end. Kate slowly began to abandon her career. After the publication of The Awakening Kate was rejected from certain social circles in St. Louis. She was also later rejected to getting other books published and the criticism caused her writing to slow down (Feminist Writers par. 6). In 1904 Kate became very ill; however, she was still interested in the World’s Fair in St. Louis. After a day of exhaustion Kate collapsed with a cerebral hemorrhage. Two days later, on August 22, 1904, Kate sadly passed away (Authors and Artists par. 23). Today Kate is known through her interpretations of the Creoles in her collections Bayou Folk and A Night in Acadie, and her second novel, The Awakening (American Biography par. 2). It took half a century for people to grasp what Kate Chopin had accomplished with her work. Kate was once just considered an author of local-color fiction. Today she is recognized for her examination of sexuality, individual freedom and the consequences of action (Authors and Artists par.10). Kate was familiar with the newest developments in science and literature, and her aim was to describe man’s â€Å"immutable impulses. † Kate wrote with balance and maturity, showing that women should have the same rights as men. Today Kate’s stories have become favored subjects among women critics. Kate’s work also has been recognized by critics in countries ranging from France to Japan (Authors and Artists par. 25). Because of The Awakening Kate abandoned writing because she faced critical abuse. Today this novel has grown to be respected and recognized as a masterpiece. Today, The Awakening has become required reading for any student studying the history of women’s cultural oppression (Feminist Writers par. 2). Many authors today have helped show that Kate was a significant figure in American fiction, particularly feminist literature (Authors and Artists par. 2). Kate Chopin is known as one of the most important women in 19th century American fiction. Kate grew up in a world where women were seen as very little importance. She wrote to change that. Kate wrote with passion and a sense of realism. She proved to the world around her that women were just as equal to men. Conclusively, Kate Chopin is known to be the first feminist writer and a woman ahead of her time. Even though during her time she was looked down upon for the things she wrote, she is celebrated and acclaimed by people around the world today. Kates writings provided her with the means to live how she wanted-both mentally and physically-rather than play the role society expected of her. Kate Chopin proved to women they had a right to express themselves however they wanted to. This is why Kate is known today as one of the most important women in 19th century American fiction.

Cider House Rules Essay -- essays research papers

The movie Cider House Rules involves many different characters that one can focus on, but the main character I want to focus on is Homer Wells, who is also the main character of the film. Now every character goes through many different situations and are faced with different obstacles that they must over come. Dr. Larch has to over come the ability to realize he is human, and how the board wants to replace him. Mr. Rose has to over come non-diligent workers, and conflicts with his daughter and keep a calm, flowing working environment. Candy Kendall has to deal with her husband Wally Worthington being away fighting for the United States in World War II. On the other side Wally has to deal with the loss of ability to use his legs and being paralyzed in a wheel chair. But, none of these are more compelling or can be looked at in so many ways as Homer's. Now from the time Dr. Larch said, "Hence forth you be known as Homer Wells", he seemed to be the type of person to say, "What you see, is what you get". Now I believe this cause from early childhood, to adolescence, to early adulthood there was never anything to flashy about him. He was dressed in plain old school baby pajamas with legs and feet on them. When he was growing up he was wearing plains shirts, and a pair of slacks. This form of appearance remained constant through the rest of the movie in reality. The main colors that Homer wore were grays, blacks, and browns. Showin...

How does Shakespeare demonstrate the power of the mind in Macbeth? Essay

Macbeth is a play famous for murder and its references to blood. It is usually associated with bad luck and evil; however, there is one main issue that appears time and time again throughout the play – what is it that drives the characters to do the things that they do? Shakespeare explores and presents the power of the mind in many interesting ways. These include soliloquies and slight changes in characters such as the way they talk, act or present themselves. The main character affected by the power of his mind is, of course, Macbeth. What happens in his mind basically provides the plot for the whole play. Once the witches have told Macbeth that he will be king he can either choose to ignore this piece of information or do something about it to make it come around faster. Macbeth chooses to do the latter and he kills the current king, Duncan. Lady Macbeth becomes so caught up in the series of events and excited at the prospect of being Queen that she urges Macbeth on, encouraging him to fulfil his apparent destiny and become King. In the end, the way that Macbeth presents himself and talks is completely different to the character we are introduced to at the beginning of the play. This is all due to the effect his mind power has over him. We also see changes in Lady Macbeth’s character such as paranoia and slight changes in the way she talks and thinks. The first evidence we see of mind power is in Act 1, Scene 3 where Macbeth meets the witches. Why do the witches’ prophecies in this scene have such power over Macbeth? Although Macbeth and Banquo hear the same thing, Macbeth is much more moved by the words, and I think the main reason for this is that the witches’ are speaking Macbeth’s innermost, dangerous thoughts. Once the witches say ‘Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!’ (Macbeth’s current title) it becomes apparent to Macbeth that the witches are knowledgeable and are capable of predicting the future. Shakespeare constructs the plot cleverly here. The dramatic irony of the audience knowing he has been crowned Thane of Cawdor ensures that the audience are already aware of what the witches can do before Macbeth realises. The tragedy is often blamed on the witches because they torment Macbeth by speaking his thoughts in riddles and they make Macbeth think that his greatest prize is near. However, the witches could only have so much power over Macbeth if he already had these thoughts in his head. Therefore, Macbeth himself could be blamed for the tragedy of the play. If he had already thought about killing Banquo, but thought nothing of it until the witches had confirmed the idea, you could blame him entirely for the murder. The witches know what to say and exactly how to say it, which implies that they know what Macbeth is thinking. Another line in this scene which suggests that Macbeth had already thought about becoming King or killing Duncan is when he pleads with the witches to ‘Stay you imperfect speakers. Tell me more.’ The fact that he was willing to listen to more of what the witches had to say suggests that he had thought of becoming King before and was reassured by the idea that it could really happen. Once the witches have vanished, Macbeth and Banquo visit Duncan at a room in his palace. Here, Duncan appoints Macbeth Thane of Cawdor. It is here that Macbeth begins to fully realise the impact the witches’ words are having on him. He also sees that they knew what was going to happen to him because they had said, ‘All hail Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor’ in the previous scene. In a powerful soliloquy, Macbeth reveals his thoughts to the audience: ‘†¦Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires;’ With ‘let not light see my black and deep desires’ Macbeth confirms that he has thought of becoming King before, but does not want to show it. When he was speaking with the witches he wasn’t sure whether to believe what they were seeing and although he did think about the idea of becoming King, he never really pursued it. Once the prophecy of Macbeth becoming Thane Of Cawdor comes true, Macbeth realises that he will be king. In Act 1, scene 7 Macbeth is considering murdering Duncan but says there are many arguments against it. Some of the lines in this scene make me wonder whose initial idea the murder was and whether Macbeth really wanted to kill Duncan. Macbeth says he is enjoying the feeling of being famous and powerful but Lady Macbeth’s persuasion quickly works on him: ‘I am settled and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat.’ In the second act when Macbeth decides he is against the idea, the more persuasive Lady Macbeth is towards him, the more Macbeth submits to her taunting – ‘When you durst do it, then you were a man; And, to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man.’ By the end of the scene, Macbeth has been made to feel so inferior by Lady Macbeth that he has taken over the planning himself. Macbeth plans to blame the murder on the two guards in Duncan’s chamber: ‘Will it not be receiv’d, When we have mark’d with blood those sleepy two Of his own chamber, and us’d their very daggers, That they have done’t?’ Temporarily, Macbeth has lost his doubt and fear in the excitement of planning the murder. Perhaps the most famous act of mind power in this play, is the dagger Macbeth sees in Act 2, Scene 1. It is late at night in the castle and Macbeth meets Banquo and Banquo’s son Fleance. Banquo wants to talk about the witches’ prophecies to Macbeth. Banquo says that he has dreamt of the sisters and seems to be annoyed because they have ‘showed [Macbeth] some truth.’ Just as the three Weird Sisters predicted, Macbeth’s wishes and secret dreams of power have all come true. But along with these, so have his darkest fears. Throughout the play Macbeth continues to struggle against the images his mind conjures up against his own conscious will. Although technically, he has won the crown and been successful, he cannot enjoy himself because of the immense guilt he feels over how his mind has been poisoned by the Weird Sisters. The dagger scene is an extremely powerful example of mind power. Shakespeare uses metaphors, imagery and other dramatic cues to express Macbeth’s emotions and fear. Probably the most well known line in the play, upon seeing the dagger Macbeth says to himself, ‘Is this a dagger I see before me, The handle toward my hand?’ Macbeth realises that the dagger is only a vision created by his mind, in this question he is questioning his mind – asking himself whether what he is seeing is real or a figment of his imagination. He continues, ‘†¦art thou but A dagger of the mind,’ The way Shakespeare has written Macbeth’s speech make it seem so much more realistic. Because this play would first have been performed in a Jacobean theatre, there would have been no special effects in the theatre to emphasise the visions Macbeth’s mind were creating throughout the play. The actors would of course had to have been talented to pull off such acting without props, but the choice of words Shakespeare uses it what makes it so much more believable. Act 2 Scene 3 is the morning after the murder. In this scene Macbeth shows a variety of different emotions so it is difficult to tell what he is feeling about the murder. Also, what Macbeth says in this scene is quite ambiguous so it is quite hard to figure out what he means. When Macbeth says ‘Twas a rough night’ it could either mean that he is shocked by the night’s events or that he fears being found out. And when Macbeth says ‘Had I but died an hour before this chance I had lived a blessed time’ it is relatively easy to see that he feels guilty and regrets the murder. Another change in Macbeth’s speech is that his statements seem to be shorter and more formal. This suggests that he is on edge and is worried about being found out. In this scene, Macbeth also decides to start acting secretly, and does not communicate his plans with Lady Macbeth – ‘Be innocent of the knowledge †¦ ’till though applaud the deed’. Another major demonstration of mind power in the play is when Macbeth conjures up the image of Banquo’s ghost at the banquet in Act 3, Scene 4. Thinking about why Macbeth is so tense and anxious when he enters the room helps you to understand how his mind could have conjured up the terrible image of the ghost. Macbeth is obviously worried and guilt-ridden about Banquo’s murder, he says ‘I had else been perfect †¦ but now, I am bound in to saucy doubts and fears.’ Banquo was Macbeth’s best friend, and Macbeth had ordered him to be killed. He needed both Banquo and Fleance to be killed, but Fleance escaped. Macbeth excluding his wife from the plans is putting extra pressure on him, not to mention the relationship between the two. The banquet is the first function that Macbeth organises when he is appointed King. Therefore, he needs his guests to feel that he is a good King and is control of the banquet. When Macbeth sees the ghost and everything starts to go wrong, Macbeth is desperate to calm his important guests so that they do not think of him as not being a fitting King. The ghost in Act 3, scene 4 has an extremely powerful effect on Macbeth. He goes through different stages of acceptance, first cowering from it, then challenging it and finally, confronting it. ‘†¦the time has been, That, when the brains were out, the man would die, And there an end; but now they rise again, With twenty mortal murders on their crowns and push us from our stools†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Macbeth’s fear of the ghost is completely natural. He cannot understand how Banquo could have reappeared, especially after having just been informed of his death. He challenges the ghost, ‘Hence, horrible shadow! Unreal mockery, hence!’ Macbeth confronts the ghost, ‘Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold; Thou hast no speculation in those eyes, Which thou dost glare with.’ The ghost disappears at these words and Macbeth seems to have won by confrontation. Macbeth returns to his guests. Macbeth doesn’t realise that no one else in the room can see the things he is imagining – he assumes that they saw the ghost and is surprised by their apparent failure to react to it, ‘†¦now I think you can behold such sights, ands keep the natural ruby of your cheeks, when mine is blanched with fear.’ The sleepwalking scene is one in which Shakespeare demonstrates mind power through actions very well. Lady Macbeth is subconsciously ridden with guilt over the deaths. When she sleepwalks we see her vigorously washing her hands to scrub Duncan’s blood from her hands and asking no one in particular ‘†¦who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?’ Of course, Lady Macbeth does not still have Duncan’s blood on her hands; it is only her imagination making her think she needs to scrub her hands clean – ‘†¦all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.’ Lady Macbeth is usually seen as dominant over Macbeth, she tries to seem stronger than Macbeth and hides her fear, guilt and shame as much as possible. The way that Lady Macbeth weakens when asleep creates a very powerful image of mind power. By scrubbing her hands over and over again we can guess that, rather than trying to rid her hands of blood, she is actually trying to rid her mind of the memories of the night of Duncan’s murder. The doctor who has been called to help Lady Macbeth says that the disease is ‘beyond his practice’ and that ‘more needs she the divine than the physician.’ meaning that she has more need for a priest than a doctor to rid her of her ‘evil disease’. Lady Macbeth leaves the room soon after muttering that ‘what’s done cannot be undone’ and repeating that she must go to bed. The doctor continues trying to analyse Lady Macbeth’s disease and confides in her gentlewoman, telling her that ‘Foul whisp’rings are abroad†¦ †¦infected minds To their deaf pillows will discharge their secrets.’ The doctor knows Lady Macbeth is hiding something – when he says ‘deaf pillows’ it suggests that people reveal their secrets to pillows because they are deaf and therefore cannot hear or repeat what they have done. Shakespeare’s use of language is just as important as the actions of the characters in showing how powerful their minds are. Macbeth seems weary when he is told of Lady Macbeth’s death – ‘She should have died hereafter: There would have been a time for such a word.’ It is a strange reaction – he is suddenly quiet, thoughtful and almost subdued. His drive and motivation disappear. Macbeth no longer sees any point in trying to hold on to the kingship, and does not understand why he ever wanted it. †¦[life] is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing’ Macbeth also thinks that his time is coming to an end and he will die soon. He says that his actions in the past have ‘lighted the fools way to dusty death’. It seems as though, no matter what happens from this point on in the play, Macbeth can no longer return to being the person he was before the Witches poisoned and taunted him with ambition. On the battlefield, Act 5, Scene 8 Macbeth dares each man on the battlefield to kill him in the face of his seemingly infallible prophecy. ‘Why should I play the Roman fool, and die On mine own sword? Whiles I see lives, the gashes Do better upon them.’ Roman generals in defeat would commit suicide to avoid the disgrace of capture, but, in this speech Macbeth says that while he can see living enemies, he will do his best to kill them. He continues taunting his enemies until Macduff kills him. Macbeth finds out that Macduff was from his mother’s womb untimely ripped’ which is what the Witches told Macbeth earlier in the play. At this point, Macbeth realises his life has come to an end and knows that he will not survive the fight with Macduff, however he is brave enough to fight on to the end. An interesting idea is to think about who was truly responsible for the tragedy in Macbeth, other than the witches. Macbeth himself had already thought about the kingship before being told by the Witches that he could achieve it and listens willingly to what the Witches tell him. However, when the plan has been hatched, Macbeth begins to back off until Lady Macbeth taunts him enough to convince him to take over the planning again, which he eventually does. Also, many of Macbeth’s speeches are filled with threats, evil and darkness. Mind power plays a large part in Macbeth’s character – having already thought of the kingship, he was really only waiting for confirmation from someone else before acting on his thoughts. Lady Macbeth also plays a major role in the tragedy. She becomes obsessed with the news she is sent by Macbeth, and immediately hatches a plan to achieve the goal. Her speeches, not dissimilar to Macbeth’s, are also full of darkness and double meanings. When Macbeth backs down and is not so sure about the plan, she taunts him until she finally persuades him to continue. It is also Lady Macbeth who takes the knives back down to the servants after the murder and tried to make everything normal again. Lady Macbeth is greatly affected by her mind, which we see particularly in the sleepwalking scene where she continually washes and rubs her hands in an attempt to scrub away what she believes to be Banquo’s blood. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is a great man. After meeting the Weird Sisters he begins to make bad choices and gets everything wrong. The effect the three Witches have on Macbeth’s subconscious mind is astonishing – they make him see things, hear things and do things he doesn’t really want to do. Along with Lady Macbeth, the Witches’ taunting and riddles possess Macbeth and turn him into a power-obsessed, ambition-crazed ‘fiend’. However, Macbeth redeems himself at the end of his life and does not die as the villain of the play. Macbeth is a tragic hero – possessed by evil thoughts, but able to redeem himself by being brave enough to fight on to the end, even though he knows he cannot win back his sanity and/or peace of mind.

Fiero’s Greek Civiliation

I believe Fiero’s first humanist actually seems to start in early Greek civilization. † Greeks were called the humanists of the ancient world†. (Fiero 30) The Greeks were known for their art, literature, as well as their religious culture. Fiero also refers to the humanistic period in which the great historian Thucydides wrote â€Å"The History of The Polynesian War† (Fiero 37) which we see celebrates the Greek culture in Athens during the Polynesian War. I believe this was a great example of the humanist in the Greek culture by showing the true spirit of Greek patriotism and community of the Greek people.We also see Fiero use the Greeks use what was called â€Å"symmetry†, on their statues and paintings. They believed the true aspect of the human being should be shown in actual form. They also show such detail and the proportion was correct. They also show that the human body was a work of art. We also see Fiero use the example of the â€Å"Partheno n† as the Greeks style of architecture. On the actual â€Å"Parthenon† they had the four horsemen, water bearers, and the showing of the festival in which the tribute to Helen was shown. This shows me that the Greeks were all about depicting the greatness of their civilization.The Romans basically copied the art and most of everything else so I will go straight to the Renaissance. Fiero refers to the Renaissance as the revival of the Greco-Roman culture. (Fiero 183) This was revised by the Aquinas. They were looking at this as the† fulfillment of the human potential†. (Fiero 183) This is what I see in the art of the Renaissance is that the pieces had depth and perception and proportion and symmetry just like the Greco-Roman style. Fiero comments that new Renaissance humanists have religion in their lives but look at their intellectual curiosity has appealing and appeasing.According to Fiero the most Renaissance Humanists was â€Å"Francesco Petrarch†. (Fiero 184) I believe Francesco was a restorer of early Latin works. I believe he was trying to bring to life the old classics of the Greek world. I think he wanted to show that he was a great poet as Cicero. I think he was torn on whether he was a great believer or reasoner. I believe he chose to be a believer. In his sonnet I think he was torn on his love for his lover or his love of words. I see these as examples of Fiero’s humanism.

Enola Gay Display at the Smithsonian essays

Enola Gay Display at the Smithsonian essays America is in the midst of a culture war, and one of the latest skirmishes occurred between the houses and hedgerows surrounding the Smithsonian Museum. On one side were the members of a growing numbers of acedemians and cultural theorists who believe that American should not be honored as a country which has been a continued source of peace, and leadership in the world. History should be taught in a context, and that context needs to challenge individuals to think on a larger social scale of how our actions may adversely affect others. The opposing forces are those who have fought, and sometimes given the ultimate sacrifice to earn the countries place of responsibility as the leader of the free world, and only remaining superpower. These men and women look back at America's actions and remember the issues and limitations of the day. This group has a living memory of historical events, and is opposed to reinterpreting them in light of 21st century political cynicism, or academic enlighten. One group believes that if the military forces were downsized, and moneys spent on nation building and international charity projects, that the world would become a safer, more peaceful place. The other legion understands that some men and organizations in the world have set their desires on dominating others and loose no sleep at night over trampling civil and human rights in order to gain their objectives. This group understands that a strong military, as well as a will to use it, is an important building block which has created the peace and prosperity which America and the entire world now enjoy. This cultural war cannot always be identified in terms of liberal or conservative, because individuals from either group may launch salvos from either front. The war cannot be called one of educated vs. uneducated or public sector politicians vs. private sector business interests. ...

Henrietta Lacks and the HeLa Cells essays

Henrietta Lacks and the HeLa Cells essays When most people think of ethics, they most likely think of rules for determining what is right and wrong. Ethics provides guidelines for responsible conduct, conduct that identifies between acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Ethics change as our values as a society change. What might be considered ethical can be a matter of a person's perspective; with money and privilege sometimes allowing for exceptions. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, about an African-American woman from Virginia whose cancer cells, collected for research as she was being treated for the cervical cancer that took her life, raises many ethical questions and issues surrounding her cells, known as HeLa cells, and other human cells? It raises the critical issues concerning the rights of patients who have had tissue removed and used for discovery of new treatments and drugs. The ethical and moral issues surrounding the HeLa cells are complicated, because the cells have been used to develop the first polio vaccines, test chemotherapy drugs, and develop techniques for in vitro fertilization. The cells have become an endless advancement to scientists. However, the HeLa cells have also caused much pain, suffering, and confusion for the Lacks family. The Lacks's family, for example, saw no profits despite being asked to contribute blood for subsequent research about which they were not adequately informed. Henrietta Lacks was treated during a time when medical ethics were very different. It was also a time in history when African Americans were used for medical research. When her cells were taken from her body, it was common for doctors not to get consent from a patient when sending their tissue to a research lab. The doctors and researchers used the tissues as they wanted, with no concern for the patients' rights. "This was a time when "benevolent deception" was a common practice- doctors often withhe...

50 Nautical Terms in General Use

50 Nautical Terms in General Use 50 Nautical Terms in General Use 50 Nautical Terms in General Use By Mark Nichol The vocabulary of sailing has enriched the English language with the development, by analogy, of new senses for nautical terms. Here are fifty such words with their original meanings and their landlubber connotations. 1. Aboard: on a vessel (assisting or in sympathy with) 2. Aboveboard: above the deck (out in the open, honest) 3. Adrift: not tied or secured (acting or living without purpose) 4. Aground: resting on the seafloor on shore (halted by circumstances) 5. Anchor: a heavy object that holds a vessel in place (a person or thing that figuratively keeps another person or thing steady) 6. Awash: water level with or slightly covering the deck (overwhelmed) 7. Bail: to throw out seawater or rainwater that has collected in a vessel (to help, or to abandon) 8. Ballast: stabilizing weights placed in the hull of a vessel (something that steadies or weighs down) 9. Beachcomber: a sailor without a berth or a shipboard assignment (a person living on or near a beach or the shore or one who searches such areas for salvage, or both) 10. Bearing: one’s position (posture or deportment) 11. Becalm: to come to a stop because of a lack of wind (to halt progress) 12. Berth: a sailor’s assignment, or a sailor’s bunk (a position or placement, in a location or in rankings) 13. Bilge: the lowest part of a hull (outdated or useless comments or ideas) 14. Capsize: to overturn (to ruin or interfere) 15. Chart: a navigational map, or to map a course (a display of graphical information, or to set a course) 16. Cockpit: a steering or berthing compartment (the pilot’s compartment in an airplane, or a place for cockfighting or location notorious for violence) 17. Course: the direction a ship is sailing (a procedure or a way of acting) 18. Current: a movement of water (the prevailing mood or tendency) 19. Heading: the direction a ship is sailing (one’s course) 20. Headway: progress or rate of progress in sailing (progress in general) 21. Helm: steering apparatus, or to operate such equipment (a position of leadership, or to lead) 22. Jury rig: to rig makeshift equipment (to make a quick fix using available materials) 23. Keel: the backbone of a vessel, running along the center of the hull (balance, as when someone is on an even keel) 24. Keelhaul: to drag a sailor underneath the ship along the hull as punishment (to punish severely) 25. Leeway: sideways movement of a vessel because of current or wind (flexibility) 26. Log: originally, a length of wood attached to a line and tossed overboard to measure speed, then a device with the same function; also, a record of operation (an accounting of any activity or progress) 27. Lookout: a sailor standing watch (someone keeping watch, or the position from which the person does so) 28. Manhole: an opening in to a compartment (a hole providing access underground or into a structure) 29. Mooring: securing with anchors or lines, or a place where mooring occurs (a stabilizing influence) 30. Navigation: the operation of a vessel (direction for traveling or movement through a virtual area, as on a website) 31. Overhaul: to ready equipment for use (to rebuild or repair) 32. Pilot: a steersman, or to steer a vessel (an operator of an aircraft or spacecraft, or to operate such a craft or to direct an operation or procedure, or a business or organization) 33. Quarantine: temporary sequestration of a vessel because of the possibility of spreading disease, or the location of the sequestration (enforced isolation, especially because of contagion, or the place of isolation) 34. Quarters: assigned living areas or workstations on a vessel, or an assembly of all crew members (lodging) 35. Rudder: an immersed blade of wood, metal, or plastic attached to a vessel and turned remotely to change its direction (a guiding force) 36. Salvage: to rescue or save a ship and/or its cargo, or the compensation for doing so; also, the property salvaged (saving something from being destroyed or discarded, or what is saved) 37. Scuttle: to sink a vessel by cutting a hole in the hull (to ruin something by abandonment or sabotage) 38. Scuttlebutt: a cask for holding drinking water and, by extension, the idle talk exchanged while drinking from it (gossip) 39. Seaworthy: in condition to be operated (solid or valid) 40. Ship: to send cargo or passengers by sea (to transport or distribute) 41. Shorthanded: lacking enough crew members (not having enough people to perform a task) 42. Sounding: a measurement of the depth of water (seeking an opinion or a statement of intention) 43. Stow: to put away and, by extension, to keep one’s opinion to oneself (to arrange, load, or store) 44. Swamped: submerged (overwhelmed) 45. Tack: to change a vessel’s direction, or the new direction (to shift one’s viewpoint, as in â€Å"take a new tack†) 46. Tide: the change of surface level of a body of water because of gravitational fluctuations (a fluctuating or rising phenomenon) 47. Under way: in motion (in progress) 48. Wake: the visible track of a vessel through water (aftermath) 49. Waterlogged: filled or soaked with water but afloat (full of or saturated with water) 50. Watertight: capable of preventing water from entering (solid, flawless) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing a Reference Letter (With Examples)75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†January 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Rococo style in 1700s fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rococo style in 1700s fashion - Essay Example Magazines that emerged catered to the curiosity of the lower class as their attention was captured by the colorful illustrations and the latest news. This is the period that saw the development of panniers, a new silhouette for women worn under the skirts and extended sideways (Heinrich, 2014). The waists were constricted by corsets which were a big contract to the wide skirts that usually opened at the front showing an underskirt. The Watteau gown is one of the dresses worn during this period, with a loose back that became part of a full skirt with a tighter bodice. The gowns were worn with short wide lapelled jackets. The introduction of a loose wide gown with a colorful silk sash around the waist was considered a shock for women as the natural figure was apparent and no corset was worn. However, this was seen by the women as a symbol of their increased liberation and they embraced the style (Heinrich, 2014). Heels worn by women became smaller by design with slimmer heels and pretty decorations as hair was worn higher contrary to the beginning where it was worn tight to the head, topped with lace handkerchiefs to contrast the wide panniers. The towering tresses of hair were often curled and decorated with feathers, flowers, sculptures or figures. As the style progressed, hair was powdered with meal and flour causing a burst of outrage in the lower classes because of the subsequent rice in price of bread. Designs worn by men only had variations in the coat, waistcoat and the breeches, with the waistcoat being the most decorative piece. They were lavishly embroidered or having huge displays of patterned fabrics. The breeches were topped around the knees and white stockings worn underneath with large square buckled heeled shoes. The coats on the other hand were often worn close to the body and lacked the earlier skirt-like design, worn with a more open air to showcase the elaborate waistcoat (Heinrich, 2014). Men also adapted to wearing white wigs

Family Having a Child with Life-Limiting Illness Thesis

Family Having a Child with Life-Limiting Illness - Thesis Example Consequently, the number of children with terminal diseases continues increasing, raising the cost of their care at family and national levels. Many research studies have been conducted to investigate the financial impact of life-limiting disabilities on medical care budgets of various countries, especially in the developed world. A study conducted by Michelson and Steinhorn (2007) in England investigated the palliative costs of managing various types of life-limiting disabilities on children. Though the study focused on particular standards needed to cater for patients suffering from a particular life-limiting disorder, it gave insights of financial costs that such life-limiting disorders have on families. Majority of all life-limiting conditions require palliative care and in children, such care is concerned with controlling the symptoms and maintaining the good quality of life of the child for the uncertain period before the child dies (Michelson & Steinhorn 2007). Though the deat h of children with the life-limiting condition is usually expected, it is difficult to determine when and how such children will die. Therefore, caregivers of people with such conditions are faced with financial challenges of preparing the patients until death. EAPC (2007) noted that though children’s palliative care at national level supports children and young persons diagnosed with life-limiting conditions, the inclusion of children with other types of disabilities often puts an extra strain on the care of such patients. According to Chochinov (2005) majority of children, hospices depend on charitable organizations for funding which in most cases is short-term and inconsistent. Others rely on short-term grants and statutory funds that are similarly unreliable and as a result, most parents use vast resources to add life to the child is remaining years to supplement the funding for their children’s care. There are different categories of life-limiting disorders most o f which are rare with unique symptoms. Consequently, it is difficult to determine the needs and care of children with life-limiting disorders. According to Dangel (2005), a strong relationship exists between the requirements of children in need of palliative care and those with other disabilities requiring complex care. However, those in need of palliative care are usually in an unstable state, requiring a different type of care according to their state of health at any given time. This is in contrast with other types of disabilities, which are generally in a constant state, making it easy to manage and plan for their needs. The unpredictable nature of life-limiting disorders makes it more expensive to manage, plan and take care of the sufferer than in children with other disabilities (Dangel, 2005).

Is increased precision in accounting always desirable Discuss this Essay

Is increased precision in accounting always desirable Discuss this with reference to management accounting techniques such as either costing methods or performance measurement or both - Essay Example managers are supposed to apply appropriate management accounting concepts and technologies in processing historical and forecasted economic data to take necessary decisions for the betterment of the organisation and stakeholders. This paper offers an insight into the management accounting techniques and shows one significant difference between financial and managerial accounting is that the latter emphasises less on the precision of the accounting data. The focus of this report would be to investigate the importance of precision in management accounting techniques. A conclusion has been inferred from the whole analysis part. Management accounting helps the management to carry out the managerial functions with more efficiency. This is done to enhance the profitability of the organisation by gathering the required information from various sources. The process includes gathering required information and analysing them systematically to make the relevant decisions. However, as decision-making becomes more comprehensive and complex, this requires management to re-evaluate all of their strategic options. For example, an organization may now have to decide whether to produce the parts internally or purchase parts produced by others. Using management accounting will provide valuable assistance to the organisations’ management to make decisions in each and every field of activity (Patankar, 2008). Many large companies use activity Activity Based Costing (ABC) today. In the traditional approach, the cost used to be calculated in three steps: accumulate the cost in the production and non production units, allocate the non production units costs to the production departments and allocating the total accumulated cost to the product, service or any other cost objects. In this process, products are also charged for idle capacity or unused resources. Such distortions have been removed in Activity Based Costing, which calculates cost based on cost pools or activity centres.

Application of strategic planning in an organization Case Study

Application of strategic planning in an organization - Case Study Example Strategic planning is an organizational process of laying out strategies and making fine-grained decisions on resource allocation towards achieving the goals of the organization. A strategically managed organization defines its prospects in the future by looking at its current position and implementing changes through perfectly structured procedures. It requires an understanding of the current position of the business and the possible ways through which it can meets the organizational goals. Most organizations use their missions and visions to determine the strategies required to achieve that its objectives and build alignment to the vision and strategic plan. The ability of organization to execute its strategic plans is therefore directly affected by its ability to understand and make a clear presentation of the strategy to the employees, shareholders and managers of the organization. For most organizations, it is important to build a successful tool for implementing and managing th e overall business strategy. This calls for the development of a balanced scorecard and applying the concept of strategic mapping in the aligning the organization's units. A balanced scorecard is a business presentation model that allows the organization to relate its financial and non-financial aspects for strategic planning of the business goals and prospects. Present day organizations find it increasingly difficult to remain competitive because the strategies used and the business issues change constantly whereas the tools for measuring the effectiveness of these strategies record very minimal change. Many organizations use tools that measure success based on tangible assets whereas constant changes in technology dictate that all business units be linked together to meet the principals of strategic management. A balanced scorecard can be used to link the intangible and the tangible assets and help eliminate most of the challenges faced by modern day organizations. The scorecard c oncept is built upon good design guidelines for the business units to describe and implement their strategies by mapping strategic objectives into performance in different perspectives which include internal processes, customers, finance and learning and growth. These perspectives provide relevant feedback on the progress of the strategic plan of any given organization so that adjustments and efficient changes can be made where necessary. In addition to measuring the current performance of the organization towards meeting its goals, a Scorecard evaluates the firm's efforts for future improvement based on its progress in terms of profit creation and provision of satisfactory service to its customers. It signifies a quantitative and qualitative performance and multidimensional balance between the firm’s short-term and long-term objectives, financial and non-financial measures, lagging and leading indicators, and the internal and external performance. Strategy maps display the q ualitative measures such as employee satisfaction, consumer loyalty and corporate mission that transform a balanced scorecard from performance measurement to a performance management tool that is strategically driven. By using strategy maps of cause and effect, intangible assets can be manipulated combined with other assets for value addition to produce goods and services that meet the consumers’ needs and demands. Strategy maps illustrate the transformation of intangible assets into tangible consumer products and provide a strategic framework to look into a value creation strategy in the internal business process. The strategy map view of a Scorecard presents the organization’s strategy with a series of linked objectives that explain the important priorities for the organization. It also holds specific measures that represent expected level of success and strategic initiatives for the organization. The concept of strategy mapping can be explained and implemented in an organization by taking into

Human Rights in Vietnam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Rights in Vietnam - Research Paper Example Every country has to abide with human rights laws. Every constitution has to focus on human rights. Rights have been described by the United Nations in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. There are also many other accounts of human rights that are present in other countries' governments and organizations. Vietnam is considered to be a country that is poor in human rights. The Communist Party of Vietnam governs the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. "Vietnam insists that human rights are a part of its own internal affairs and are inherently connected with the country's history, culture, tradition, and socioeconomic conditions" (Alagappa 457). There are no other legal political parties. The elections of 2002 were considered unfair as all candidates were chosen by the CPVs Vietnam Father Front or the VFF. The VFF was a group that monitored the country's popular organizations. The control of the security forces was maintained by the civil authorities. The Vietnamese government's human rights record has remained unsatisfactory. Abuses committed by local government official continued despite efforts made by the central authorities to monitor abuse concerns, particularly religious freedom. The Vietnamese people could not change the government, though several organizations that fought for this cause were not suppressed completely. The government wanted to enforce its control over the internet and press. "Human Rights Watch (HRW) has condemned Vietnam for its witch-hunt of those trying to disseminate information about democracy via the internet and urges the release of cyber prisoners" (Boobbyer, Spooner and O'TAilan 245) There were instances when police officials abused people during arrests, interrogation, and detention. Prison conditions were harsh but yet did not terrorize the lives of prisoners. Many prisons faced problems like insufficient diets, overcrowding, and poor sanitation. Prisoners were made to work but did not receive any wages for their duties. Prisoners were also reported to be moved to solitary confinement. The government did not grant permission to international organizations like the Red Cross or other non-governmental organizations to visit the prisons. Many citizens were detained for political activities at random. Citizens were deprived of the right to fair trials. Many other human rights were constantly monitored by the government and the government placed their limitations on human rights. Some of these rights included the right to freedom of press, freedom of speech, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly and association. The government also maintained its ban on human rights organizations. Women in Vietnam suffered many threats; they faced plenty of discrimination and violence. Trafficking of women and children, and child prostitution remained prevalent, though the government made efforts to fight trafficking. Government monitored workers' rights, in particular organization that functioned independently. The Vietnamese government officially grants the freedom of religion. However, non-sanctioned groups usually face plenty of harassment. Additionally, the government constantly monitors these groups, justifying the act saying it is for the benefit of national unity. The Vietnamese government also lacks in the process of political trials, like, persecution of unauthorized religious organizations, independent journalists, labor union activists, land

Application of strategic planning in an organization Case Study

Application of strategic planning in an organization - Case Study Example Strategic planning is an organizational process of laying out strategies and making fine-grained decisions on resource allocation towards achieving the goals of the organization. A strategically managed organization defines its prospects in the future by looking at its current position and implementing changes through perfectly structured procedures. It requires an understanding of the current position of the business and the possible ways through which it can meets the organizational goals. Most organizations use their missions and visions to determine the strategies required to achieve that its objectives and build alignment to the vision and strategic plan. The ability of organization to execute its strategic plans is therefore directly affected by its ability to understand and make a clear presentation of the strategy to the employees, shareholders and managers of the organization. For most organizations, it is important to build a successful tool for implementing and managing th e overall business strategy. This calls for the development of a balanced scorecard and applying the concept of strategic mapping in the aligning the organization's units. A balanced scorecard is a business presentation model that allows the organization to relate its financial and non-financial aspects for strategic planning of the business goals and prospects. Present day organizations find it increasingly difficult to remain competitive because the strategies used and the business issues change constantly whereas the tools for measuring the effectiveness of these strategies record very minimal change. Many organizations use tools that measure success based on tangible assets whereas constant changes in technology dictate that all business units be linked together to meet the principals of strategic management. A balanced scorecard can be used to link the intangible and the tangible assets and help eliminate most of the challenges faced by modern day organizations. The scorecard c oncept is built upon good design guidelines for the business units to describe and implement their strategies by mapping strategic objectives into performance in different perspectives which include internal processes, customers, finance and learning and growth. These perspectives provide relevant feedback on the progress of the strategic plan of any given organization so that adjustments and efficient changes can be made where necessary. In addition to measuring the current performance of the organization towards meeting its goals, a Scorecard evaluates the firm's efforts for future improvement based on its progress in terms of profit creation and provision of satisfactory service to its customers. It signifies a quantitative and qualitative performance and multidimensional balance between the firm’s short-term and long-term objectives, financial and non-financial measures, lagging and leading indicators, and the internal and external performance. Strategy maps display the q ualitative measures such as employee satisfaction, consumer loyalty and corporate mission that transform a balanced scorecard from performance measurement to a performance management tool that is strategically driven. By using strategy maps of cause and effect, intangible assets can be manipulated combined with other assets for value addition to produce goods and services that meet the consumers’ needs and demands. Strategy maps illustrate the transformation of intangible assets into tangible consumer products and provide a strategic framework to look into a value creation strategy in the internal business process. The strategy map view of a Scorecard presents the organization’s strategy with a series of linked objectives that explain the important priorities for the organization. It also holds specific measures that represent expected level of success and strategic initiatives for the organization. The concept of strategy mapping can be explained and implemented in an organization by taking into

Asthma and nitric oxide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Asthma and nitric oxide - Essay Example The European Respiratory Society has indicated its conviction in the method that it has already published guidelines to standardize analysis, diagnosis and reference levels in using nitric oxide as part of respiratory treatment (Buchwald, 2005). In the United States alone, 6% those aged below 12 have been diagnosed with asthma and as high as 40% in urban areas. This reflects a 75% from data gather in the 1980's a trend that is reflected globally (World Health Organization [WHO], 2005). Nitric oxide is a highly reactive, prevalent gas in human chemical activity. It can be found in neurons as n NOS or NOS1, in macrophages as iNOS or NOS-2, and in endothelial cells as eNOS or NOS-3 (Bor-Kucukatay, 2005). Nitric oxide is cellularly synthesized by the enzyme nitric oxide sythases denoted by NOS from arginine, molecular oxygen and NADPH. Nitric oxide interacts rapidly molecularly and disperses through cell membranes acting in a paracinic or autocrinic behavior1. Endogenous nitric oxide is a product of L-argining amino acid and NOS. All three isofrms, NOS or NOS1, iNOS or NOS-2, eNOS or NOS-3 are found in the respiratory tract functioning a part in vascular and airway smooth muscle tone, inflammatory respiratory response, ciliary action and in eliminating bacteria, viruses and mycobacteria in the respiratory tracts (Smith et al, 2004). Through connecting throu... Mechanism and Metabolism Through connecting through a metal ion in the cell's protein or through cystine or other S atoms, nitric oxide causes allosteric change in the cell's protein. An example of this reaction is nitric oxide directed at the protein guanylyl cyclase which then creates the second messenger cyclic GMP (cGMP). The body produces oar manufactures nitric oxide to fight bacteria. TH 1cells as part of inflammatory response mechanisms secrete nitric oxide to attach bacterial macrophages or by the production of nitric oxide by through the conversion of nitrates found in food into nitrites (Maddox & Schwartz, 2002). Reaction with super oxide anions the result to the formation peroxynitrite2 (ONOO-) which can lead to break up of DNA and oxidation action in lipids. This can lead to nitric oxide toxicity. Peroxynitrite causes mitochondrial respiratory chain (I-IV) and manganese super oxide dismutase (MnSOD) to generate suroxide anions and hydrogen peroxide, both of which can cause fatal cell damage ("Nitric Oxide Metabolism", 2006). Figure 1 illustrates nitric oxide actions in the body. Functions Nitric oxide serves various functions in the human body. It can act as a catalyst for reactions to microbial attacks, as a messenger or inhibitor among others. It functions significantly in the circulatory and nervous system influencing blood flow, oxygenation of red blood cell and neural messaging (Maddox & Schwartz, 2002). The following are the functions of nitric oxide physiologically ("Nitric Oxide", 2006): Blood Flow Diffusion of nitric oxide into smooth muscle cells allowing for the efficient flow of blood as endothelial cells release nitric oxide at every systole

How Are Dreams Proved to Be Futile in of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

How Are Dreams Proved to Be Futile in of Mice and Men Essay Dreams in â€Å"Of Mice and Men† is influenced under the poem â€Å"To A Mouse† by Robert Burns and the relationship between the poem and the novel is seen through the build-up to the characters hopes and dreams at the time of the great inflation and how they struggled to keep up with their ambitions. The context in both texts clearly portrays the death of the future plans the working class keep to at that time and the writers do this to illustrate the chances of normal people succeeding and how being born into a hierarchy means that you’re destined to a class in society. In Of Mice and Men, Lennie is introduced with a â€Å"shapeless face† and animal imagery is used to signify his strength, â€Å"bear drags his paws†, this portrayal of Lennie sets him apart from George in the hierarchy. As the story develops the readers understanding of George’s and Lennie’s relationship does to, the reader realises that the theme that keeps both the key protagonists motivated is the dream. This is further developed when Steinbeck introduces the dream for the first time, â€Å"I remember about the rabbits, George†, it is clear to the readers that Lennie is academically weak and in order for him to remember about the dream indicated how much it means to him and it’s possibly the thing that matters to him most. However early in the novel Steinbeck uses animal imagery to foreshadow the death of Lennie and the death of the dream, â€Å"shoot you for a coyote†, the author highlights his vulnerability and his death in the future to suggest that his weakness academically is what possibly lead him to his death. In the beginning of the novel George gets into a quarrel with Lennie about ketchup, â€Å"we ain’t got any†, during George’s rant he clearly emphasizes on what he sees as the American dream in comparison to what they both see. George leads on to imply that Lenny is a road block to his dream and this is partially true as it is what Lennie did towards the end of the novel that killed the chances of the dream. George’s dream can be considered as a typical working class dream as it isn’t very promising and has no future outlook. The death of the dream in Of Mice and Men seems to be blames on a certain individual, the death of George and Lennie’s dream is blamed on Lennie and later in the novel we learn that the death of Curley’s wife’s is because of her â€Å"ol lady†. In the novel Curley’s wife is portrayed as a social outcast alongside the â€Å"nigga† but this time because of her gender as they lived in a sexist society. However beneath her make up her interior reveals her dreams and how they were crushed as well, the reader also finds out that her sexual weapon is to grab the attention of the ranch workers as no one gave her the recognition she wanted. Curley’s wife’s dream is fully revealed towards the end of the novel with her explain it to Lennie, she clearly illustrates her very independent dream however it is also clear that she is very dependent on men when it comes to making the dream a reality. This maybe the reason why her dream was locked away and only brought out when she needed it to emotionally look back at it; considering that she lived in a men’s society it means that women are held back from what they wanted to do and were expected become a housewife. This is the main road block that Curley’s wife comes across making her dream futile. Throughout the novel the reader realises that the characters that we’re too eager for their dream (Lennie and Curley’s wife) reaches their destiny, quite dramatically, with their death. It seems that both characters had something in common – lack of power, the protagonists had a lack of power meaning that they were vulnerable to society however Curley’s wife attempted to cover it by putting on a lot of makeup but it is clear that your weakness will eventually go against you. Furthermore both characters dream was clearly futile from the beginning of the novel as both characters seemed to depend on another person in order for their dreams to succeed. In Lennie’s case it was George and Curley’s wife needed a man. Steinbeck reinforces the themes of Power and powerlessness with links to the dream to suggest that there is some sort of bond with making the dream and having the power to make it. This portrayal in Of Mice and Men illustrated not only the fact that succeeding during the Great Depression was very limited but the fact that without power or status, which both characters lacked in, the chances of making the dream was nil.

Child abuse signs and the long term effects

Child abuse signs and the long term effects Child Abuse: Signs and the Long Term Effects All children are born with the right to be able to grow, develop, live and love according to their needs and feelings. Growing up can be difficult, and most children receive the love and care that they need to develop into healthy, mature adults. For a childs development they need protection from adults who love them and help them acquire the skills to be a successful adult. However, some children are neglected and hurt by adults that they trust. Abuse can mean different things to different people. Abuse can also happen once in their lifetime, or it can happen many times. Physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect are the four types of child abuse. Over three million reports of child abuse are made every year in the United States. (OMeara and Fedderson) Over seventy five percent of children die each year from abuse. (Prevent child abuse) Certain forms of child abuse are serious enough to become a crime. Physical, emotional and sexual abuse, as well are neglect, can lead to long term p sychological effects on a child. How can child abuse happen? There are many factors as to why abuse happens. Some of these factors include domestic violence, alcohol and drug use, and stress and lack of support from others (Saisan, Gill, Segal). When a child witnesses domestic violence is very chaotic and it causes instability in the home. Alcohol and drug use increases a lapse in judgment and can interfere with the ability for a person to control their actions. Being a parent is not an easy task and sometimes it can cause a very stressful situation. Teen parents often need patience to deal with a child, and most of the time they do not have that so they depend on others. Caring for a child with a disability can also create a stressful situation. Also, when parents and caregivers are abused as a child they grow up to abuse their very own children, and the cycle of abuse continues. (Saisan, Gill, Segal) Younger children may not understand why these acts are being done, and may think that they have done something wro ng. On the other hand, older children have the ability to do something about the abuse being done to them. Often times, most children become withdrawn and do not prefer talk about it. Each category of child abuse has its very own distinct signs. Each child is unique and may exhibit specific signs if they are enduring a specific type of abuse. Physical abuse often occurs when a child is hit out of anger or is caught in the middle of a very stressful situation. Children under the age of two are most likely to suffer direct abuse from the hands of a parent. (Juby 519) Physical abuse is often described as unexplained injuries such as bruises, burns, and abrasions. Sometimes, the child may be fearful of adults that he or she is not familiar with. Parents may exhibit signs that they are being abusive with their children by using a harsh tone with their voice, offers no explanation for their childs injury, or is very negative with their child. (Recognize Abuse) Emotional abuse can be referred to verbal abuse. When a parent or caregiver says mean and hurtful things to a child, they are emotionally hurting them. Excessive demands, penalizing children for their work, discouraging the child from moving forward, and exposing them to family violence are just a few signs of emotional abuse. Physical and emotional abuse often overlap each other; however, emotional abuse is much harder to identify. (Fact Sheet) Children who endure this type of abuse often think that this is a normal way of life. The parents who may be treating their child in such way may blame or belittle the child, refuse to offer help, or constantly reject the child. (Recognize Abuse) Emotional abuse is often present when other forms of abuse are identified within the child. Sexual abuse can take place within the family by a parent, sibling, or other relative. This type of abuse can also happen outside of the home by a friend, neighbor, teacher, or a stranger. When this abuse has occurred, the child can develop a variety of distraught feelings, thoughts and behaviors. This type of abuse has been reported up to 80,000 times a year, but research suggests that more cases go unreported because the children are afraid of confessing of what happened to them. (Prevent Abuse) Children who are sexually abused often develop a very low self esteem and a distorted view of sex. A physician must detect signs of sexual abuse through a physical examination because there are no external signs. Some may want to consider the signs of sexual abuse if the child shows the following symptoms: difficulty walking or sitting, nightmares, bedwetting, a sudden change in appetite, or demonstrates unusual sexual behavior. Parents may also show signs that they are sexually abusing th eir children if they are being very isolated, they severely limit the childs contact with other children, or they are very jealous. (Recognize Abuse) Neglect is simply refusing to meet the childs basic needs for survival. About fifty nine percent of children suffer from neglect. In 2007 an estimated 1760 children have died from abuse or neglect. (Fact Sheet). The child may be frequently absent from school, lacks needed medical care, has constant body odor, and does not have appropriate clothing based on the weather conditions. When the parent seems depressed, behaves irrationally, and does not care about the interest of his or her child, they could be the one neglecting their child. (Recognize Abuse) No child is prepared to cope with any type of abuse done to them. Children are not just an â€Å"object.† They are a human being, just like everyone else. There is no moral way of saying that child abuse is ok. Parents and caregivers often do not realize the effects that abuse has on their children. Many think that it is a form of punishment but in reality, it is harming the child. (Saisan, Gill, Segal) The long term effects of abuse can cause severe psychological problems that can be devastating to the child. These problems can range from mild to severe depending on how long the abuse was endured or how severe it turned out to be. Parents with low educational value are more likely to use abuse (Juby 519). Psychological problems that a child may face are academic difficulties, alcohol and/or drug abuse, anxiety, behavior problems, depression, fear of certain adults, self neglect, sleep disorders, age-inappropriate behavior, social withdrawal, and separation anxiety. Abuse can also intervene with the ability to establish healthy relationships in the future. All children are different and they each respond to situations in their own way. Some children may endure some form of abuse without developing any of the long term effects. (Newton) In conclusion, child abuse can cause psychological problems that can be irreversible. There are ways that child abuse can be prevented. There are many organizations today that have dedicated themselves to the treatment and prevention of child abuse. A known organization that has been around the longest is called ChildHelp. It is a non-profit organization that aids in the treatment and prevention of abused children (OMeara and Fedderson). Prevention is the only cure for child abuse. Abuse of any kind can cause emotional scars that can never be healed. Children are supposed to learn everything they need to become successful adults in this world from their parents. Instead of teaching, loving and nurturing, abusive parents and caregivers provide the opposite of what children need to grow and develop. Works Cited â€Å"Childhood Disease and Disorder Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009. Web. 22 Nov 2009 Child Welfare Information Gateway â€Å"Recognizing Child Abuse and Neglect: Signs and Symptoms.† 9 Oct 2009. Web. 21 Nov 2009 Fact Sheet: Emotional Child Abuse. Michigan. Web. 21 Nov 2009 Juby, Cindy. â€Å"Parental Attitude: A Meditating Role in Disciplinary Methods used by Parents† Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Dec 2009: 519. Proquest. Web. 23 Nov. 2009 Newton, C.J. â€Å"Child Abuse: An Overview.† Mental Health Journal. Apr 2001. Web. 19 Nov. 2009 OMeara, Sara. Yvonne, Fedderson. â€Å"Effects of Child Abuse.† ChildHelp. Web. 22 Nov 2009. Saisan, Joanna, Ellen Jaffe-Gill, and Jeanne Segal. Child Abuse and Neglect. Help guide. Oct 2008. Web. 20 Nov 2009 â€Å"Preventing Child Sexual Abuse.† Stop it Now. Web. 23 Nov. 2009

George bush Essay -- essays research papers

I. INTRODUCTION Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924- ), 41st president of the United States (1989-1993), president at the end of the Cold War between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Bush also organized an unprecedented global alliance against Iraq during the Persian Gulf War of 1991, but he was less successful in dealing with U.S. domestic problems and was defeated after one term by Bill Clinton in the 1992 election. II. EARLY LIFE Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, but grew up in Greenwich, Connecticut. His parents came from wealthy Midwestern families. His father, Prescott Bush, a partner in a leading Wall Street law firm, was a Republican U.S. senator from Connecticut between 1952 and 1963. Senator Bush was a moderate Republican and a supporter of President Dwight David Eisenhower. Senator Bush strongly opposed the party's far right wing, represented in the 1950s by U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, who led a campaign against Communist subversion in the United States. Bush's mother, Dorothy Walker, the daughter of a Missouri industrialist, encouraged her children to play sports and learn humility and manners. Bush graduated from Phillips Academy at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1942, and joined the United States Navy to fight in World War II. He became a pilot, flying bombing missions against Japan. On one mission his plane was shot down over the Pacific Ocean. Two crewmen died, but Bush survived unharmed and was rescued by a passing submarine within a few hours. Bush returned to the United States in late 1944. Two weeks later, in early 1945, he married Barbara Pierce, a Greenwich woman whose father was a magazine publisher. The couple had six children: sons George, John, Neil, and Marvin, and daughters Robin and Dorothy. Robin died of leukemia at the age of three. Bush entered Yale University in 1945. He majored in economics, became captain of the varsity baseball team, and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1948. He moved his young family to west Texas where, helped by his father's business connections, he went into the oil business, working as an equipment clerk. In 1953 Bush cofounded the Zapata Petroleum Corporation, which drilled for oil in the Permian basin in Texas and elsewhere in the West. The next year, he became president of the Zapata Offshore Company, which specialized in offshore... ...te. The Massachusetts governor proved to be a poor campaigner with a weak grasp for what moved voters. By contrast, Bush skillfully reached out to economic and social conservatives, as well as suburban independents and environmentalists. He criticized Dukakis for his refusal to support the saying of the Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States in schools, accused him of supporting temporary releases called furloughs for violent criminals in overcrowded prisons, and pointed to what Bush argued was Dukakis's poor record in cleaning up polluted Boston harbor. While promising not to impose new taxes, to cut the capital gains tax, and to continue the Reagan defense program, Bush also vowed to oppose gun control and to try to overturn the 1973 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States that affirmed a woman's right to an abortion. Bush won the election easily, attracting 53 percent of the vote and carrying 40 states and 426 electoral votes. He won the entire South, most of the West and made deep inroads in the industrial Midwest. The election left one obstacle for Bush: the Democrats retained solid majorities in both the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate.

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks

Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks S. Kavitha[1] Abstract Corporate social responsibility stands for business contribution to sustainable development and covers company’s active participation in different fields, human rights, human resources, relations with clients, suppliers, and other stake holders, corporate governance, environment and contribution to community and society. The social responsible attitude is integral part of the identity of financial institutions like banks, and it is one of their distinctive features. The Reserve Bank of India has asked the banks to pay special attention towards integration of social and environmental concerns in their business operations. Many of the newly formed private and foreign banks are aware of the importance of such a step and therefore are having an active CSR department in their banks. This paper is an attempt to explain the concept of corporate social responsibility and the different CSR practices followed by banks in India. Key Words: CSR – Corporate Social Responsibility, Friedman’s View, Carroll’s View, Discretionary Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility in Banks S. Kavitha[2] Introduction Corporate social responsibility stands for business contribution to sustainable development and covers company’s active participation in different fields, human rights, human resources, relations with clients, suppliers, and other stake holders, corporate governance, environment and contribution to community and society. The concept of social responsibility proposes that a private corporation has responsibilities to society that extend beyond making profit. Social responsibility is the way of life for most business organizations. It enables all such activities ranging from providing safe products and service to giving a portion of company’s profit to welfare organization. The social responsible attitude is integral part of the identity of financial institutions like banks, and it is one of their distinctive features. The Reserve Bank of India has asked the banks to pay special attention towards integration of social and environmental concerns in their business operations. Many of the newly formed private and foreign banks are aware of the importance of such a step and therefore are having an active CSR department in their banks. Concept of Social Responsibility: Corporate social responsibility is the sense of obligation on the part of companies to build social criteria in to their strategic decision-making. The concept implies that when companies evaluate decision from an critical perspective there should be presumption in favor of adopting course of action that enhance the welfare of society at large. The goals selected might be quite specific. To enhance the welfare of communities in which company is based. – To improve the environment – To empower employees to give them a sense of self worth. Different views on social responsibility Friedman’s Traditional View of Business Responsibility Urging a return to a laissez-faire worldwide economy with a minimum of government regulations, Friedman argues against the concept of social re sponsibility. Adam Smith and Milton Friedman, economists, according to them the only responsibility of business is to perform its economic functions efficiently and provide goods and services for society and earn maximum profits. By doing so business performs its economic functions and leaves the social functions to other institutions of society, such as the government. A businessperson who acts responsibly by cutting the price of the firm’s product to prevent inflation or by making expenditures to reduce pollution, or by hiring the hard-core unemployed, according to Friedman, is spending the shareholder’s money for general interest. Even if businessperson has shareholder permission or encouragement to do so, he or she is still acting from motives other than economic, in the long run; it may harm the society the firm is trying to help. Friedman referred o the social responsibility of business as ‘fundamentally subversive doctrine’ and stated that â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business, to use its resources engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception of fraud. But this view is severely criticized on several grounds. On the other extreme, there is opposite view, which favors the position that it is imperative for businesses to be socially responsible. This is based on the argument that business organizations are a part of society and have to serve primarily societal interests rather than narrow economic objectives such as profit maximization. In doing so they have to deal with social concerns and issues and have to allocate resources for solving social problems. Carroll’s four responsibilities of business. Archie Carroll proposes that the managers of business organizations have four responsibilities Economic Responsibilities Economic responsibilities of a business organization’s management are to produce goods and services of value to society so that the firm can repay for its creditors and shareholders. Legal Responsibilities Legal responsibilities are defined by governments in laws that management is expected to obey. For eg, U. S. business firms are required to hire and promote people based on their credentials rather then to discriminate based on non-job-related characteristics such as race, gender or religion. Ethical Responsibilities Ethical responsibilities of an organization’s management are to ollow the generally held beliefs about behavior in a society. E. g. , Society generally expects firms to work with the employees and the community is planning for layoffs, even though no law may require this. The affected people can get very upset if an organization’s management fails to act according to generally prevailing ethical values. Discretionary Responsibilities Discretionary responsibilities are the purely voluntary obligations a corporation assumes. Examples are philanthropic contributions, training the hard-core unemployed, and providing day care centers. The difference between ethical and discretionary responsibilities is that few people expect an organization to fulfill discretionary responsibilities, whereas many expect an organization to fulfill ethical ones. Carroll lists these four responsibilities in order of priority. Social responsibility includes both ethical and discretionary but not economic and legal responsibilities. A firm can fulfill its ethical responsibilities by taking actions that society tends to value but has not yet put into law. When ethical responsibilities are satisfied, a firm can focus on discretionary responsibilities. The discretionary responsibilities of today can become the ethical responsibilities of tomorrow. E. g. , Provision of day care facilities, is moving rapidly from being discretionary to ethical responsibility. Benefits received from being socially responsible 1. Being known as a socially responsible firm may provide a company a competitive advantage. Programs to reduce pollution can actually reduce waste and maximize resource productivity. 2. Their environment concerns may enable them to charge premium prices and gain brand loyalty. (Ben & Jerry’s Homemade Inc. ) 3. Their trustworthiness may help them generate enduring relationships with suppliers and distributors without needing to spend a lot of time and money policing contracts. (Maytag) 4. They can attract outstanding employees who prefer working for a responsible firm (Procter & Gamble) 5. They are more likely to be welcomed into foreign country (Levi Strauss) 6. They can utilize the goodwill of public officials for support in difficult times (e. . Minnesota supported Dayton-Hudson’s fight to avoid being acquired by Dart Industries of Maryland) 7. They are more likely to attract capital infusions from investors who view reputable companies as desirable long-term investments (Rubbermaid). CSR in India India has been named among the top ten Asian countries who are paying an increasing importance towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosure nor ms, a survey says. According to social enterprise CSR Asia’s Asian Sustainability Ranking (ASR), India was ranked fourth in the list, which was topped by Australia. The other countries in the list include China (second), Hong Kong (Third), Japan (fifth), Malaysia (sixth), Pakistan (seventh), Philippines (eighth), Singapore (ninth) and Thailand (tenth). The 2009 ASR list was dominated by Australian companies, with eight out of the top ten companies analysed coming from there, followed by India, the survey said. However, the report further said although there are increasing levels of disclosure in the Asian region, it still is generally poor compared with Europe and North America. In India we find surprisingly high levels of disclosure, particularly from large companies with recognised brands such as Tata and Infosys. Leading oil companies (such as ONGC and the Indian Oil Corporation) also have reasonable levels of disclosure,† the report said. CSR initiatives in banks The benefits of CSR for companies include increased profit, customer loyalty, trust, positive brand attitude and combating negative publicity. CSR strategies have been embrace d by the international banking community. 0 Major international private banks have signed the Equator Principles agreement which supports socially responsible development. (Eg of such banks are Citigroup, JPMorgan, Bank of America, ABN Amro, Barclays, HSBC and ING). Research suggests that dissatisfaction is the major reason why customers switch banks this arises mainly because of rising fee. Normally to get more favorable price, customers try to switch banks. Most of the customers have accounts in more than one bank so they find it very easy to compare the services and accordingly they do their transactions. So, customer turnover has become an important issue for the banks. The customer loss may have an adverse effect on bank market share and profit. So if the banks concentrate more on CSR and spent more for this that will create a good image for the banks which in turn will bring many new customers to the banks and also the customer loss can be reduced. RBI guidelines on CSR The Reserve Bank of India is now rooting for environment conservation and fair social practices. The central bank has asked banks to put in place a suitable and appropriate plan of action towards helping the cause of ‘sustainable development’, with the approval of their boards. Spurred on by the worldwide momentum in sustainable development and the initiative being taken on various fronts by different organisations, including all major banks globally, Indian banks have been encouraged to actively look at corporate social responsibility, sustainable development and non-financial reporting. Among banks in India, ABN Amro Bank was the first to put out a ‘sustainability report’ recently. It includes key indicators on the bank and its subsidiaries’ environmental (like paper, water and electricity usage) and social governance performance. Other companies, which issue sustainability reports, include ITC, Tata Tea, Dr Reddy’s and Reliance. Sustainable development essentially refers to the process of maintenance of the quality of environmental and social systems in the pursuit of economic development. Non-financial reporting is basically a system of reporting by organisations on their activities, which includes environmental, social and economic accounting. Best CSR practices in Banks – Some Examples SBI – State Bank of India Apart from the normal banking operations, the Bank, as a responsible and responsive corporate citizen, seeks to reinvest part of its profit in various community welfare projects to improve the quality of life of the poor, neglected, weaker and downtrodden sections of society. In the financial year 2007-08, the Bank made donations aggregating Rs. . 11 crore to various Relief Funds and also to NGOs / Trusts / Societies for their projects with social orientation. In recognition of its contribution to Rural Community Development, the Bank was awarded the prestigious Reader’s Digest Pegasus Corporate Social Responsibilities Award 2007. Infact, it was the only Bank to have received this recognition. Under a new scheme named ‘Adoption of t he Girl Child’ over 8,300 poor girl children have been adopted by various branches throughout the country to meet their personal and educational expenses. This is not merely a financial assistance scheme but offers emotional and psychological support to the ‘adopted girls’ due to the active involvement and care of the SBI Ladies Clubs. From the Research and Development Fund, the Bank has so far extended Rs. 6. 61 crore as research grants to 71 chairs / research projects at various Universities and Academic institutions. For the current year SBI has extended 100000 Sterling Pounds to London School of Economics for establishing an India Observatory and I. G. Patel Chair at their Asia Research Centre in participation with RBI. ICICI Foundation An example for CSR practices by banks is the ICICI foundation. ICICI Bank runs a very active and well known foundation in India but there is no clearly visible link of the ICICI Foundation on the website. ICICI is also very active in its support of government programs to improve the livelihoods of people. ICICI Bank has joined hands with NGOs to reach out to children in ten states helping them have better access to education Standard Chartered Bank The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a global challenge faced by Standard Chartered as a business. In different developing countries HIV has a significant impact and they respond to this programme through Living with HIV programme, , a global policy aimed at protecting basic human rights, promoting the health of their employees and keeping the business costs associated with HIV/AIDS to a minimum. The programme is well established and focuses on the following areas: †¢Raising awareness with their employees through training Educating local people about the prevention and treatment of HIV †¢Strengthening their position as thought leaders in HIV/AIDS †¢Sharing their knowledge with other organisations Standard Chartered, which happens to be one of the country’s largest international banks, is involved in real partnerships with local community organisations, involving active participation of its employees in their community projects. It is the human face of banks. Or what is call ed corporate social responsibility, the new term devised for the social service that companies do with some of their profits. The global community programme of the bank is called ‘Believing in Life’. Part of this is the internal initiative ‘Living with HIV’. An extension of the programme in Africa, it seeks to create awareness about this deadly disease and thus help prevention by educating all its staff across the different countries from where the bank operates. Banks like HDFC, SBI, ICICI, HDFC, Standard Chartered Bank are now active in a host of areas including primary education, women empowerment, rehabilitation of poor, and aged environmental issues Future of CSR The Corporate Social Responsibility has increased in importance around the world. The world becomes a global village in the information technology era. Sharing and accessing of information become very easy. All big companies are expanding their business opportunities all over the world. Simultaneously the CSR activities also expanding speedily where company initiatives started. Now these days every company feels CSR is unavoidable and responsible thing. Moreover companies allocating separate budget and deploying professionals for CSR initiatives. It shows that it is emerging as a powerful thing in social development sector. The Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is high on every corporate agenda. Social commitment is an essential part of every company. Corporate social responsibility involves the aspiration to make a positive contribution to the progress of the company and society. If a company initiates CSR wing the company concerned need to work hard consequently on a formal, coherent and transparent policy in this field. Then only the CSR will become a potential area for development of the society. Conclusion The rapid information technology innovations are changing the face of Corporate Social Responsibility. The concept of CSR is still debatable in democratic countries. There is a major criticism in all over the world is corporate companies are utilizing this concept to build their business expansion. Through this concept corporate companies are liaison and lobbying with higher bureaucracy in the government to get permissions/licenses to their companies easily. Many companies are getting tax exemptions by carrying out these social development activities. The increased awareness of CSR has also come about as a result of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, in which a major goal is the increased contribution of assistance from large organizations, especially Multi-National Corporations, to help alleviate poverty and hunger, and for businesses to be more aware of their impact on society. There is a lot of potential for CSR to help with development in poor countries, especially community-based initiatives. CSR can be very much useful for the financial institutions like banks to get good reputation in the society. Banks should do the CSR activities to the fullest benefit to the society and not just for the sake of doing it. References Sen, S. , Bhattacharya, C. B. , Korshun, D. (2006), â€Å"The role of corporate social responsibility in strengthening multiple stakeholder relationships: a field experiment†, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 34 pp. 158-66. Bhattacharya, C. B. , Sankar Sen and Daniel Korschun (2008), â€Å"Using Corporate Social Responsibility to Win the War for Talent,† MIT Sloan Management Review, 49 (2), 37-44; â€Å"The Good Company†, The Economist (2005-01-20). Retrieved on 2008-25-07 Financial Express, Wednesday, Oct 28, 2009 at 1541 hrs IST http://www. karmayog. org/csr501to1000/csr501to1000_21878. htm http://www. csbanking. com. au/ http://economictmes. indiatimes. com/News http://www. deccanherald. com/deccanherald/july202004/spt9. asp; http://www. financialexpress. com/fe_full_story. php ———————– [1] S. Kavitha, MBA,MCA. ,MPhil. ,NET. , Asst. Prof, MBA, Vivekanandha Institute of Information & Management Studies, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. , – 637 205, Research Scholar, Anna University, Coimbatore Phone:99421-60277, email: [email  protected] om [2] S. Kavitha, MBA,MCA. ,MPhil. ,NET. , Asst. Prof, MBA, Vivekanandha Institute of Information & Management Studies, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. , – 637 205, Research Scholar, Anna University, Coimbatore Phone:99421-60277, email: [email  protected] com ———————– Economi c Legal Ethical Discretionary (Must do) (Have to do) (Should do) (Might do) Social responsibilities