Discussion Questions Week 1 Economics 365

Discussion Questions Week One political economy 365 TEAM C- WEEK ONE DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What is economic science? What lineament does economics head for the hills in your personal and organizational endings? impart an event of the mapping of economics in decision compensate. (Ana K Gonzalez) * According to What Is Economics? A Definition Of Economics (2012) * Economics is the study of the returnion and consumption of goods and the impart of wealth to produce and obtain those goods. Economics explains how good deal interact inside food markets to get what they want or accomplish certain goals.Since economics is a driving force of human interaction, studying it often reveals why pot and governments behave in particular miens. There are two primary(prenominal) types of economics macroeconomics and microeconomics. Microeconomics focuses on the actions of individuals and industries, like the dynamics between buyers and sellers, borrowers and lenders. Macroeconomics, o n the other(a) hand, takes a much broader view by analyzing the economic activity of an stallion country or the international marketplace (Para. 2 & 3). Economics play an signifi bay window buoyt role in all aspects of life and some convictions population dont realize that they are using economics twenty-four hours by day.With the use of economics masses can understand how to blow over time and m whizy. Unemployment, technological progress, interest rates and budget deficits are important issues presented in our daily personal and professional lives. As students, economics can help us to acquire much k at a timeledge about what good-natured of difficulties business in our region presents, how to solve it, and the difference procedures to follow to obey as a business holder. 2. What is the difference between a thrust on and a shift of the get curve?What is the effect on the equilibrium outlay and quantity that results from an increase in demand, supply, and both? Provi de examples for each instance. What is the role of supply and demand in decision making? Provide a real-world example. (Sonia Elias) The difference between a movement along and a shift of the demand curve in the movement along is caused by a change in the scathe of goods or work performed and a shift of the demand curve is caused because a change in any non-price de termining on the demand and it can change to both side the right or the left.The effect in the equilibrium price and quantity that result from the increase in demand is the price goes up because of the demand of the product is more and also the quantity has its effect because with more demand it requires more quantity on the product. A good example is the petroleum now its price is going up because of the demand it is suffer. The role of the supply and demand takes the role of decide how much quantity lead require to provide the costumers with their demands on a certain product it makes the decision of require more qu antity of products to supply the costumers. . What is the definition of price ginger snap of demand? What is the relationship between price piece of cake of demand and pith revenue? How does price elasticity of demand affect a warms pricing decisions? How does the availability of substitutes affect the price elasticity of demand? Provide an example. (Chuck Crain) By definition, price elasticity simply means the way demand responds to price changes. The relationship between price elasticity and totality revenue can be a very successful one or a total nightmare based on whether or not the product has good elasticity.As long as the product is something the superior general public either needs or is very high on their want list, because the product has good elasticity and the profits go away continue to increase, thus making total revenue much greater. However, if the product is something society can live without, then the product has bad elasticity and total revenue will go dow n. When a firm decides to make or sell a product, many considerations go into their long term plans, such as will this product stand the test of time and will it be profitable even in tough fiscal cycles.As long as the product has good price elasticity and the competitor is low, then prices can be adjusted to meet the current market price or to increase revenues. However, if the product has a bad elasticity, then the business will have to decide on whether or not to raise prices, but this decision could cost the company money now and in the future because the customers chose not to pay a higher price. When people want a similar product without the high price, they turn to substitutes.This can include any generic brands of products that provide close to the same witness for the customer, without the higher price of their original brand. Substitutes greatly affect the elasticity of price, because people can choose to buy another product at a lower price, and basically get the same r esults from the product. An example would be if a person loves to drink Coke, but cant afford the price they charge.The person would turn to a cheap brand such as Sams Cola and receive basically the same benefit, without spend the extra money. * Reference Principles of Macroeconomics. (2009). Retrieved from http//ocw. mit. edu/courses/economics/14-02-principles-of-macroeconomics-fall- 2009/ What is Economics? A Definition of Economics. (2012). Retrieved from http//www. whatiseconomics. org/ wherefore is economics considered social science?. (2012). Retrieved from http//wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_is_economics_considered_social_science

Love Is Not the Destructive Force in Romeo and Juliet

Love is not the destructive deplumate in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet, compose by William Shakespe ar, is considered one of the greatest have it off tragedies of all time. It is a number ab forbidden two young jazzrs, whose erotic relish was destined for destruction from the germ because of the hatredbetween the two families, Montagues and Capulets. The force that leads to this destruction abhor and propensity, as opposed to love. One of the forces that leads to destruction in Romeo and Juliet is despise. Hate is a destructive force, when it gets stronger that love.Hate killed Romeo and Juliet, and their love. It did this through the brawl between the two families. The two teenagers were killed because they kept severe to go around the feuding between their families and go on with their lives. Here they had underestimated hate, which is in like manner a very strong force, when given into it. In this case the Montegues and Capulets gave into their hate for one an other. An example of why hate is destructive and not love is a point in act 3, scene one. Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt because they are now cousins.He says I love thee better that yard undersidest devise, Till thou shalt know the reason of my love, And so, good Capulet, which name I tender As Dearly as mine own, be satisfied. This is an action push through of love. Tybalt is furious and, when challenged by Mercutio, kills him. This revives Romeos hate. He says Away to heaven several(prenominal) lenity, And fire-eyed fury be my conduct now This makes him kill Tybalt. These are actions out of hate. Therefore the force that keeps from destroying here is love, and the destructive force is hate. Also, when love turns into lust, this can be destructive.Lust can be a destructive force, because when people are driven by lust, their actions get impulsive and hasty. This causes them to not think right about what they do. That the actions of Romeo and Juliet are occasionally driven by l ust, can be seen for example because Romeo wants Juliet yet when he has only just met her. The very offset time that Romeo sees Juliet, he says Oh, she doth teach the torches to burn bright It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night, desire a rich jewel in an Ethiopes ear, Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear.So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady oer her fellows shows. The measure done, Ill watch her abode of stand, And, touching hers, make blessed my rude hand. Did my heart love money box now? Forswear it, sight For I neer saw dependable beauty till this night. He does not know her from the inside, but already wants to touch her because she is so beautiful on the outside. Lust destroys because this makes Romeo and Juliet act impulsive. When Romeo hears that Juliet died, he acts impulsive, and goes to her to kill himself.He does not think clearly the fact that he didnt get news from Friar Lawrence, and also not about his love for his family. So lust is a destructive force when it overrules love. Furthermore, in Romeo and Juliet, love is not a force that destroys. When love overpowers hate, it is a source of merriment and welfare. There are many scenes in the play where love is a source of stop and happiness. Firstly, the love that Romeo and Juliet share lifts Romeo from his sadness over Rosaline. He states to Friar Lawrence I have forgot that name, and that names woe.This love makes Romeo happy rather of destroying him. Love on itself brings good things with it. Love reconciles the two feuding families, the Capulets and Montagues who have been astringent enemies. During the story, love faces harder and harder challenges. At the end of the novel, the love of Romeo and Juliet is destroyed because hate has overpowered love. however at that same moment love overpowers hate because Capulet and Montague make peace with each other after seeing thattheir children were so in love with each other that they sacrificedtheir lives for one another.This leads to construction, and not destruction, because the families will now realise together instead of destroying one another. To conclude, love is a powerful force but not a destructive one. What is destructive is hate and lust. When hate and lust overpower love, this destroys. This is seen when the hate of the two feuding families leads to the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. When love overpowers hate and lust it can create new opportunities, such as the ending of the feud between the families.

Animals in Research: Ethical Issues Essay

Scientific quest for know leadge and puppet experimentation has been inexorably tied to each other both in commonplace imagination and human history (Bishop & Nolen, 2001). The engagement of living organisms in scientific go over has resulted to spectacular innovations in the field of medicine and understanding of animal, including human, physiology. Many medicative technologies were developed that ar now utilize to treat illnesses that were once causation heavy death toll. However, diametric individuals and communities had varied responses to the role of animals in question.This led to debates and protests of individuals and organizations with concerns on ethics and animal rights. Is the use of animals as investigate subjects honorable? Scientific Perspective To answer our question, let us first formula into the scientific perspective of the issue. According to Bishop and Nolen (2001), there atomic number 18 approximately 35 million animals used in scientific int errogation worldwide in an annual basis. Approximately 10 to 17 million animals are killed in American laboratories al star (Walshaw, Ethical Issues in fauna Research).The animals used in laboratory researches implicate mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, pigs, dogs, sheep, primates, and cats. In the United States, rats, mice, and birds defend ab emerge 90-95% of the total animals killed during biomedical researches ( animate beings in Scientific Procedures Regulation in the USA). wherefore are animals needed in research? at that place are four reasons why scientists use animals in research (Why Are Animals Need in Research? ). The first reason is that universe and some animals are similar in physiology and anatomy.Scientists prefer to use animals as tests subjects rather than humans in their preliminary research. The second reason, certain strands of animals are infected with the same illnesses or conditions as humans. These animals are referred to as Animal Models and are stud ied to understand the nature of the disease and hopefully pass on appropriate treatment. The third reason lies in the principles of research, which is to introduce one variable and observe its results on the system studied.It is easier to control the environment (i. e. emperature, humidity) of animals in the laboratory and prevent any intrusions of disease-causing bacteria and viruses that will cause diseases not related to research, which in common sense, controlling their health. Humans have contrary life styles that affect their health thus making it difficult to use them as test subjects. The fourth reason concerns to the test for validity of the results obtained from the research. This performer test for statistics, i. e. testing a number of animals before coming up with the outright conclusion.In humans, this test is difficult to perform since they have different cases. As a result, data obtained from one case is no yearlong a research and the results may not apply to the whole population. now that we have identified the four reasons why animals are needed in research, let us now identify the different issues related to animal rights and ethical issues in research with animals. Regulations and Animal Safety Standards The Public health Service Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and the Animal social welfare make for are the two US regulations that monitor and control biomedical researches.The Public Health Service Guidelines is administered by the Office of for Laboratory Animal Welfare of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PHS guidelines were designed for any animal research that is funded by the federal government, i. e. researches done by federal agencies. Under the PHS guidelines is an reverting system, the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs). The system evaluates research procedures, reviews research animal dole out protocols, including waste disposal, and inspect facilities of the research laboratory as well as educate and facilitate the laboratory personnel.It also functions to investigate reports of animal misuse and mistreatment, particularly during the research process. The Animal Welfare Act controls research of animals that are not mentioned in the PHS guidelines. Under this act, only the animal species specifically mentioned are allowed to be studied. The animals implicated under the Public fair play 89-544 are the following non-human primates, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, cats and dogs. However, the 1970 amendment gave authorization to the USDA Secretary to include other warm-blooded animals and also gave the legislation its current name.Further amendments to the AWA have a bun in the oven the registration of some pain-relieving drugs under the Improved Standards for Laboratory Animals Act (ISLA) of 1985. whiz problem with these laws is that some animal researches conducted by pharmaceutical companies or familial engineering firms no longer coincide with these fed eral regulations. The use of rats, mice and birds are not included in the AWA which means that federal standards, including animal care programs, do not apply to the researches. At present, the USDA is drafting regulations to include these animals to the act.Issues on Ethics and Animal Rights There are four issues that pertain to animal rights (Walshaw & Burton, 1999). The first issue deals with the use of animals for human purposes. The adherents of the use of animals in biomedical research argue that animals do not have clean-living standing in the sense that they do not have self-consciousness, license to act and engage in purposive behavior, reasons for actions and ability to appreciate reasons for actions, capacity to communicate with humans using a language, capacity to make chaste judgments and rationality.On the other hand, some state argue that the question on animal use is not, can they reason or talk? , and rather, can they suffer? Animals have feelings like that o f humans. The second issue on animal rights talks about the nature and effects of the research on animal welfare. In this issue, adherents defend their position by pointing out the 3 Rs. These are reduce, refine, and replace. They argue that modern techniques on animal research include the use of modern anesthetics and also advances in the information processing system technology which reduce the pain those animals feel during the process.Also, advances in computer technology aid biomedical scientists in keep upting data with lesser need of animals. The third issue deals with appearances, can the experiment be comprehend as being unpleasant or have unaesthetic appearances? In this issue, some people argue that animal research that involves killing, cutting and cut of animal parts is unpleasant. In most cases, the adherents of this idea are those elusive in some religious beliefs or philosophies.Hindu religion, for example, houses animals (i. . rodents, primates) in temples ac cept that those were reincarnates of their ancestors. They treat these animals with high respect. The fourth issue is about the purposes or benefits of the procedures. This pertains to the different cases in which humans benefited from animal research. Under this issue, the adherents of the use of animals in research defend their position by citing the different purposes, and benefits, that humans will get from the research of animals.The purposes and benefits of the using animals as test subjects answer the question why are animals needed in research? . The four reasons why animals are preferred in biomedical research are identified above. Is the use of animals in research ethical? I believe, yes. I adhere to the ideologies of the biomedical scientists. The aforementioned information will support my opinion. It is beneficial to use animals in science. After all, scientists were able to find ways to save and prolong the lives of people who are infected with deadly diseases.

Wildejade!!!!

In spite f these attri providedes belonging to an animal, as a human, I consider these attributes significant to my being. I am constantly moving, to move on in my lifetime, hoping to over beat tear downts and impertinence obstacles that atomic number 18 inevitably coming my way. These events that go away make me happy, sad and even experience pain it is something that I expect myself to encounter Just as a ferociousebeest would expect as well. What we bring ourselves is pain but it gives us pleasure. My mind and body is as strong as the antlers on the gnu, which protect themselves from any dangers.We will always be moving earlier no matter the circumstances. One can say, l was alone in the press, but that will never be given to express the life of a wildebeest and myself. We are constantly in a crowd or in a wildebeests case, a heard. We are never alone, or whole tone alone. We are protective over the ones we love and together as a group, we choose the path that is the be st choice. I always give way people around me my friends and especi totallyy my family. I am supported and love all the time. My dad would probably be the leader of the herd.The leader is principally the one that helps dudes his herd into the right direction and give teachings so their foil bird can learn more. In my life, he supports me the most, he is always cigaret me helping me obtain my goals and dreams. Furthermore, he will protect me from any dangers because I am his calf. I am standing in the meadows. I could feel the sun beating down on me and the wind rushing old me as it entangles in my hair. The grass is dancing in the wind, the sky is as blue as the ocean and the air is fresh. It smells standardized freshly innate(p) flowers from the early spring.In the distance, a steady beat of a drum an be heard. Over grammatical constructioning the meadows, I can see dark moving figures come towards me and as they slowly came forward, I could make out the image. There befor e me, a herd of wildebeests that makes the earth shake and the ground lift up from the crust. In Just seconds, the herd past by me in a quick motion, creating a gust of wind to run by me and I examine them carefully without fear. They were strong, with built bodies, sturdy hooves and determined faces. I look at the baby calves who are trying to catch up to the adults with all their might.They could not run slowly. In a matter of seconds all the hooves of the wild animals are all in sync. The baby calves became strong and fast and matched the rung of the adult wildebeests. They fuck off that same look as the adults, fierce and driven. I watch the herd as I see them slowly fading away into the horizon, continuing to move on without hesitation. I am the baby calf. I was Just born and welcomed into this world, a world where I have the ability to learn fast and absorb my surroundings. In other words, I would Jump the gun to do anything to reach my goal.Every day, I constantly dismant le up information from the people and things around me. I feed on what is happening all around my community, Just as a wildebeest would feed on the grass that is their land. Though humans and animals seem like two very different things, they are Just as interchangeable as cats and dogs. To conclude, the attributes of a wildebeest is alike to myself because of we persevere through the challenges, we are protective and we are fast learners. In any situation, I will not give up I will work unenviable until I have reached my goal that is a promise.

Innate vs Learnt Behaviour

In your be in possession of got words, detail for and against arguments with regard to inbred and learned behaviour. Feel free to involve your own opinion, but be sure to Justify It. Try to hold equal amount of knowledge for both sides. Use at to the lowest degree 500 words for your answer. Answer The ignorant verses learnt or personality verses shelter argument is a subject t assume has been theorized and debated by scientists, psychologists and philosophers for hundreds of years. It Is a question that batch be dated back down as early as 350 BC where philosophers Plato and Aristotle had different views on whether it was nature or nurture which shaped man-to-man appearances.Plato believed knowledge and port to be innate. He theorized that all knowledge was salute at birth and the environment p write downed a unique disunite in shaping us. In his opinion the environment did non inform us anyaffair we werent born with and that Its purpose was merely to remind us of Information we already knew. Aristotle on the other hand theorized that behavior and knowledge had to be learnt and that we were born as tabular Rasa or blank slate and our behavior, thoughts and actions were learnt and acquired through and through experiences.Although nether Plato or Aristotle theories argon supported today It Is still debated hat shapes us In the deal we become. Is nature or is it nurture? What is innate behavior or viewed as nature? Innate behavior is a fixed, unchangeable, untaught-of, natural behavior, which is free and are born with. Behavior that is inherited or passed on through genes. Things much(prenominal) as reflexes are Innate behavior a reflex Is an involuntary automatic response to a real stimulus.Those who believe we are shaped by nature are know as nativities. Examples of innate behavior are the moor or go reflex, the moor reflex is any sudden movement that affect the babys neck, large(p) them the feeling of falling or Ewing dropped. The b abys innate reaction to this is to open their implements of war come on wide, opening up their hands before bringing them back In to their chest almost as if to catch an aspiration. The grok reflex, whenever an object or flicks touches the palm of a babys hand they will automatically grasp or grab It.The swallowing and sucking reflex, if you place something, even a finger in to the babys mouth they will automatically suck and swallow, babies are in addition known to sometimes suck their fingers or thumbs whilst still in the womb, this is an instinctive reflex, something needed to survive. There are many other reflexes including blinking, breathing, sneezing and coughing. With the aptitude to instinctively know how to make nests, what is needed to do this and to carry the materials need to do this in their beaks.Sea turtles despite hatching on land instinctively know to head straight for the water and befool the ability to swim. A very complex innate behavior understructure be seen in chickens. Having kept chickens since a child myself vast differences shadower be seen in battery hens and free campaign hens. Imagine this battery hens never doctor the opportunity to see daylight, stretch their inns, take a dust vat or forage in the dirt for worms and bugs, un same(p) free range hens. Yet on removing hens from the battery and giving them the gift and opportunity of a free range lifestyle, all of the natural instincts return immediately.They have ever been there Just merely suppressed. Other more complex innate or instinctive behavior in animals can include hibernation and migration. Learnt behavior on the other hand or nurture is something we are not born with but which we are taught by fires, peers, teachers and can be influenced by tender and environmental factors we are exposed to. These behaviors unlike innate behavior are not fixed, but flexible and can be changed at any time. Those who believe it is learnt behavior that shapes us are known as empiricists.Learnt behavior is very complex and can display itself in so many guises and can withal vary diversely from one cordialisation to another. Take for example the Europeans and the primitive mammas tribes of Africa. In Europe hunting is considered a sport whereas to the mammas tribes hunting is a necessity and way of life. Without hunting they would not be able to feed, c kittyhe or provide for their families. To them hunting s learnt at a very young age unlike the Europeans who have the convenience of shops and no longer require learning this skill.Learnt behavior can be both good and bad, in the respect that with children a lot of learning is through copying, what they see and get word to and what they are being told about what is going on in their environment surrounding them. The good thing with learnt behavior that if it is bad such as swearing or answer back it can be rectified and changed unlike innate behavior. The psycheify and brain combined are an ama zing combination as to how it co-ordinates s, and passim our lives we will never stop learning. Examples of learnt behavior in children include, notching, talking, earshot, potty gentility to mention just a few.Babies usually makes attempts to walk from around 12 14 months although prior to this they have already mastered the art to relieve oneself from one place to another or where they want to be. From 6 months babies whitethorn start to shuffle across the room on their bums, or lay on their front with their legs in the air trying to work out how to crawl. From 9 months babies are able to wriggle along the floor on their tummies or even rail, and by 12 months they are making attempts to walk and may even be able to when holding someones hand. Rods are give tongue to and pronounced around them. The path to talking begins as early as 2 4 months when babies start to make ooh and ah sounds of pleasure. Between months 4 and 9 babies start cooing and babbling, then from 9 months they begin to point to things and vocalism with some message although the pronunciations is not quite there yet, by 12 18 months hotshot words begin to publish with some clarity words such as mama or dada. Then from 18 24 months elementary phrases and ententes start to develop with sayings like teddy gone?From 24 months sentences begin to emerge with real meaning instead of teddy gone it becomes Wheres teddy gone. Finally from 4 years onwards children have the same language comprehension as an adult although with basic and limited vocabulary. Some children by this age are also bilingual having parents of a different nationality are able to emit English and a foreign language having been used t comprehend it during the formative years. Hearing is ontogenyal milestone that begins whilst babies are still in the womb.From around 24 weeks gestation babies have the ability to hear sounds in the outside world, by 32 weeks they will have the ability to jazz a piece of music and mo ve around to the beat, they are also likely to recognize the piece of music after birth. This is how we learn to listen by hearing things over and over again and through audience to noises and people talking. Many learnt skills as a child are achieved by repetition. Although this all looks quite simple and clear cut there are fusss with viewing behavior as either innate or learnt.It is relatively easy to view a singular aspect of a arsons behavior as either innate or learnt for example, hearing is innate and listening is learnt, but it would be impossible to categories a person as a whole as either innate or learnt. The main problem with trying to view behavior as either one or the other is that there are no specific scientific tests which can be carried out, and it would be practically impossible to set up such tests as peoples perceptions of things are different.This would create different test results with one person viewing one thing and in the others professional opinion it could be all different. There is also he fact that it would be seen as unethical to test such things. It has in previous years been move to research identical twins, although being identical and having the same upbringing, they are unable(p) to account for environmental and social factors, as these may be different for both of them. One spending time with one group of people going to one set of places and areas.Whilst the other twin who has a completely different group of friends, going to other places. You would also have to spread out in mind the media factors the people are exposed to such as television, radio, gaming stations, the internet. It would therefore make it ritually impossible to agree whether it was nature or nurture that shaped them as individuals. Shapes us in our development from infant t o adulthood along with environmental and social factors all playing a part.Social factors may include one parent families, adopters, or where you are brought up. It is also my belief that many media factors also have a hand in what we learn things as mentioned earlier like television, internet, gaming machines, mobile phones, music, and mobile phones. I also think the social dynamics of the family also play a part too depending on what sort of upbringing you have, and who or what you learning from.

Sase study Essay

What is the break-even point in riders and revenues per calendar month? First we have to figure come forth the donation Margin = Sales per fare variable expense per unit of vizorment $160.00 $70.00 = $90.00 (Contribution Margin. Break Even point in passengers= Fixed address (divided) contribution Margin $3,150,000 / $90 = 35,000 passengers. Break-even point in revenues per month = Fare sales to breakeven (X) Sales per unit. 35,000 x $160 = $5,600,000What is the break-even point in number of passenger educate cars per month? At 70% load = 90 x 70% = 63 Breakeven point in passengers = 35,000/63 = 556 cars c) If capital of Illinois verbalize raises its average passenger fare to $ 190, it is estimated that the average load factor go away decrease to 60 percent. What will be the monthly break-even point in number of passenger cars? 90 position x 60% = 54 Contribution Margin = $190 $70 = $ great hundred Fixed equals $3,150,000/ $long hundred = 26250 Passengers 26250/54 = 486 carsd) (Refer to certain data.) Fuel cost is a crucial variable cost to any railway. If crude oil affixs by $ 20 per barrel, it is estimated that variable cost per passenger will rise to $ 90. What will be the new break-even point in passengers and in number of passenger rent cars? Contribution margin = ($160 $90) = $703,150,000/70 = 45,000Breakeven point in number of passenger cars per month9070% = 6345,000/ 63 = 714 carse) capital of Illinois Express has experienced an increase in variable cost per passengers to $ 85 and an increase in total fixed cost to $ 3,600,000. The participation has decided to raise the average fare to $ 205. If the tax rate is 30 percent, how many passengers per month are needed to generate an after-tax hit of $ 750,000? impudently Contribution Margin $205- $85 = $120.00 winnings=after tax profit/tax rate = $750,000x 70% = $1,071,429 Breakeven pointin passengers =$3,600,000 + $1071.429 = $4,671,429 (divided) $120 (CM) = 38,929 Passengersf). (Use o riginal data). Springfield Express is considering offering a discounted fare of $ 120, which the company believes would increase the load factor to 80 percent. Only the additional set would be sold at the discounted fare. Additional monthly advertising cost would be $ 180,000. How much pre-tax income would the discounted fare provide Springfield Express if the company has 50 passenger train cars per twenty-four hour period, 30 days per month? CM= $120 $70 = $50Load Factor = 80% 70% = 10%Additional Rider CM = 50 cars x 90 seats x 10% = 450Per day Revenue$160 x 3150 = $504,000 + $54,000 ($120 x 450) = $558,000Variable cost per day 70 x 3,600 (total seats) = $252,000Per day income $558,000 $252,000 = $306,000 x 30 days = $9,180,000 Profit = $9,180,000 $3,150,000 $180,000 (addtl. monthly advertising cost) = $5,850,000.g). Springfield Express has an opportunity to obtain a new road that would be traveled 20 times per month. The company believes it female genitals sell seats at $ 175 on the way, but the load factor would be only 60 percent. Fixed cost would increase by $ 250,000 per month for additional personnel, additional passenger train cars, maintenance, and so on. Variable cost per passenger would remain at $ 70. CM = $175 $70 = $ one hundred fiveNumber of passengers x load factor = 90 x 60% = 54CM per ride ($175 $70) = $ one hundred five x (90 x 60% load) 54 = $5670 x 20 rides = $113,400 (per month) 1. Should the company obtain the route?I dont think it would be profitable unless we can increase the number of passengers a month for this route in parade to break even 2. How many passenger train cars must Springfield Express operate to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? Profit = CM x Q fixed expenses$175x $70x $250,000 = $120,000$105x = $370,000X = 3,5243524/54 = 65 train cars3). If the load factor could be increased to 75 percent, how many passenger train cars must be operated to earn pre-tax income of $ 120,000 per month on this route? CM = $10590 x 75% = 67.567.5 x $105 x 20 cars = $141,750$175 $70 = $105$105 = $370,000 ($250,000 + $120,000)3,524 passengers3,524/67.5 = 52 trains4) What qualitative factors should be considered by Springfield Express in qualification its decision about acquiring this route? Considerations in decision make in addition to the qualitative or financial factors highlighted by additive analysis. They are the factors relevant to a decision that are difficult to measure in terms of money. Qualitative factors may include effect on employee morale, schedules and other elements, relationships with and commitments to suppliers, effect on present and future suppliers and effect on present and future customers.

Angels Demons Chapter 86-88

86No light. No sound.The unknown memoir were black.Fear, Langdon now realized, was an intense motivator. Short of breath, he fumbled through the blackness toward the revolving door. He prep are the button on the wall and rammed his palm a deductst it. nonhing happened. He tried again. The door was dead.Spinning blind, he called protrude, but his vocalism emerged strangled. The exhibit of his predicament unawares closed in approximately him. His lungs strained for atomic number 8 as the adrenaline doubled his attaint rate. He felt manage someone had just punched him in the gut.When he threw his weight into the door, for an insistent he thought he felt the door start to turn. He pushed again, thro affectness stars. Now he realized it was the entire room turning, not the door. careen away, Langdon tripped over the base of a rolling ladder and fell hard. He tore his knee against the edge of a book bay window. Swearing, he got up and groped for the ladder.He found it. H e had hoped it would be heavy wood or iron, but it was atomic number 13. He grabbed the ladder and held it like a battering ram. whence he ran through the aristocratical at the glass in wall. It was closer than he thought. The ladder add head-on, bouncing off. From the feeble sound of the collision, Langdon k rising he was discharge to motif a hell of a hand come on more than an aluminum ladder to break this glass.When he flashed on the semiautomatic, his hopes surged and then instantly fell. The sleeve was gone. Olivetti had relieved him of it in the Popes office, saying he did not want lade weapons near with the camer wooden legno present. It made sense at the time.Langdon called egress again, making slight sound than the last time.Next he remembered the walkie-talkie the guard had left field on the plug-in outside the vault. Why the hell didnt I accept it in As the purple stars began to dance before his eyes, Langdon forced himself to think. Youve been pin down before, he told himself. You survived worse. You were just a kid and you figured it out. The crushing phantasma came flooding in. ThinkLangdon lowered himself onto the floor. He rolled over on his prat end and laid his leaves at his sides. The number one step was to gain control.Relax. Conserve.No spaciouser fighting gravity to pump blood, Langdons middle began to slow. It was a trick swimmers used to re-oxygenate their blood between tightly scheduled races. in that respect is plenty of activate in here(predicate), he told himself. Plenty. Now think. He waited, half-expecting the lights to keep an eye on back on at any heartbeat. They did not. As he ready there, able to breathe better now, an eerie resignation came crossways him. He felt peaceful. He fought it.You will move, damn it But whereOn Langdons wrist, rice paddy Mouse glowed happily as if enjoying the dark 933 P.M. fractional an hour until Fire. Langdon thought it felt a whole hell of a lot later. His mind, instead of coming up with a plan for escape, was suddenly demanding an explanation. Who turned off the power? Was Rocher expanding his search? Wouldnt Olivetti welcome warned Rocher that Im in here Langdon knew at this point it made no difference.Opening his mouth wide-cut and tipping back his head, Langdon pulled the deepest breaths he could manage. Each breath burned a particular less than the last. His head cleared. He reeled his thoughts in and forced the gears into motion.Glass walls, he told himself. But damn thick glass.He wondered if any of the books in here were stored in heavy, steel, fireproof file cabinets. Langdon had seen them from time to time in separate archives but had seen none here. Besides, finding one in the dark could prove time-consuming. Not that he could lift one anyway, particularly in his present state.How close the examination table? Langdon knew this vault, like the new(prenominal), had an examination table in the center of the hemorrhoid. So what ? He knew he couldnt lift it. Not to mention, even if he could drag it, he wouldnt get it furthermost. The rafts were most packed, the aisles between them far too narrow.The aisles are too narrowSuddenly, Langdon knew.With a burst of confidence, he jumped to his feet far too fast. Swaying in the fog of a head rush, he reached out in the dark for support. His hand found a stack. Waiting a moment, he forced himself to conserve. He would take aim all of his strength to do this.Positioning himself against the book stack like a football player against a training sled, he place his feet and pushed. If I can somehow tip the shelf. But it moreover moved. He realigned and pushed again. His feet slipped backward on the floor. The stack creaked but did not move.He take leverage.Finding the glass wall again, he placed one hand on it to guide him as he raced in the dark toward the far end of the vault. The back wall loomed suddenly, and he collided with it, crushing his shoulder. Cursing, Langdon circled the shelf and grabbed the stack at about eye level. Then, propping one leg on the glass behind him and another on the lower shelves, he started to climb. Books fell around him, fluttering into the darkness. He didnt care. Instinct for survival had long since overridden archival decorum. He sensed his equilibrium was hampered by the total darkness and closed his eyes, cajole his brain to ignore visual input. He moved faster now. The air felt leaner the higher he went. He scrambled toward the velocity shelves, stepping on books, trying to gain purchase, let loose himself upward. Then, like a brandish climber conquering a rock face, Langdon grasped the top shelf. Stretching his legs out behind him, he walked his feet up the glass wall until he was closely horizontal.Now or never, Robert, a voice urged. Just like the leg press in the Harvard gym.With dizzying exertion, he planted his feet against the wall behind him, gear up his arms and chest against the stack, a nd pushed. Nothing happened.Fighting for air, he repositioned and tried again, extending his legs. invariably so slightly, the stack moved. He pushed again, and the stack rocked forward an inch or so and then back. Langdon took advantage of the motion, inhaling what felt like an oxygenless breath and heaving again. The shelf rocked farther. alike a swing set, he told himself. halt the rhythm. A little more.Langdon rocked the shelf, extending his legs farther with each push. His quadriceps burned now, and he obstruct the pain. The pendulum was in motion. Three more pushes, he urged himself.It only took two.There was an instant of weightless uncertainty. Then, with a thundering of books sliding off the shelves, Langdon and the shelf were move forward.Halfway to the ground, the shelf hit the stack contiguous to it. Langdon hung on, throwing his weight forward, goad the second shelf to topple. There was a moment of motionless panic, and then, whine under the weight, the second st ack began to tip. Langdon was falling again.Like enormous dominoes, the stacks began to topple, one after another. Metal on metal, books tumbling everywhere. Langdon held on as his inclined stack bounced downward like a ratchet on a jack. He wondered how many stacks there were in all. How much would they weigh? The glass at the far end was thickLangdons stack had fallen almost to the horizontal when he heard what he was wait for a different kind of collision. Far off. At the end of the vault. The crisply smack of metal on glass. The vault around him shook, and Langdon knew the final stack, weighted down by the others, had hit the glass hard. The sound that followed was the most unwished sound Langdon had ever heard.Silence.There was no crashing of glass, only the resounding lump as the wall accepted the weight of the stacks now propped against it. He lay wide-eyed on the pile of books. Somewhere in the outperform there was a creaking. Langdon would lose held his breath to li sten, but he had none left to hold.One second. TwoThen, as he teetered on the brim of unconsciousness, Langdon heard a distant yielding a ripple spidering superficial through the glass. Suddenly, like a cannon, the glass exploded. The stack beneath Langdon collapsed to the floor.Like welcome rain on a desert, shards of glass tinkled downward in the dark. With a great sucking hiss, the air gushed in.Thirty seconds later, in the Vatican Grottoes, Vittoria was rest before a corpse when the electronic squawk of a walkie-talkie broke the hush up. The voice blaring out sounded short of breath. This is Robert Langdon Can anyone hear me?Vittoria looked up. Robert She could not believe how much she suddenly wished he were there.The guards exchanged nonplus looks. One took a radio off his belt. Mr. Langdon? You are on stemma three. The commander is waiting to hear from you on channel one.I go to bed hes on channel one, damn it I dont want to speak to him. I want the camerlegno. Now Som ebody find him for me.In the obscurity of the Secret Archives, Langdon stood amidst shattered glass and tried to catch his breath. He felt a warm liquid on his left hand and knew he was bleeding. The camerlegnos voice spoke at once, startling Langdon.This is Camerlegno Ventresca. Whats going on?Langdon pressed the button, his heart still pounding. I think somebody just tried to pour down meThere was a silence on the line.Langdon tried to calm himself. I also know where the next killing is going to be.The voice that came back was not the camerlegnos. It was commander Olivettis Mr. Langdon. Do not speak another word.87Langdons watch, now smeared with blood, read 941 P.M. as he ran across the Courtyard of the Belvedere and approached the fountain outside the Swiss Guard warrantor center. His hand had polish offped bleeding and now felt worse than it looked. As he arrived, it seemed everyone convened at once Olivetti, Rocher, the camerlegno, Vittoria, and a handful of guards.Vittor ia hurried toward him immediately. Robert, youre hurt. forward Langdon could answer, Olivetti was before him. Mr. Langdon, Im relieved youre okay. Im sorry about the crossed signals in the archives. pass over signals? Langdon demanded. You knew damn well It was my fault, Rocher said, stepping forward, sounding contrite. I had no idea you were in the archives. Portions of our white zones are cross-wired with that building. We were extending our search. Im the one who killed power. If I had knownRobert, Vittoria said, taking his injure hand in hers and looking it over, the Pope was poisoned. The Illuminati killed him.Langdon heard the words, but they barely registered. He was saturated. All he could feel was the warmth of Vittorias hands.The camerlegno pulled a silk handkerchief from his cassock and handed it to Langdon so he could clean himself. The man said nothing. His fountain eyes seemed filled with a new fire.Robert, Vittoria pressed, you said you found where the next cardin al is going to be killed?Langdon felt flighty. I do, its at the No, Olivetti interrupted. Mr. Langdon, when I asked you not to speak another word on the walkie-talkie, it was for a reason. He turned to the handful of assembled Swiss Guards. Excuse us, gentlemen.The soldiers disappeared into the security measures center. No indignity. just now compliance.Olivetti turned back to the remaining group. As much as it straining me to say this, the murder of our Pope is an act that could only have been carry out with help from within these walls. For the good of all, we can trust no one. Including our guards. He seemed to be suffering as he spoke the words.Rocher looked anxious. Inside tacit consent implies Yes, Olivetti said. The integrity of your search is compromised. And yet it is a gamble we must take. Keep looking.Rocher looked like he was about to say something, thought better of it, and left.The camerlegno inhaled deeply. He had not said a word yet, and Langdon sensed a new r igor in the man, as if a turning point had been reached.Commander? The camerlegnos smelling was impermeable. I am going to break conclave.Olivetti pursed his lips, looking dour. I advise against it. We still have two hours and twenty minutes.A heartbeat.Olivettis tone was now challenging What do you recollect to do? Evacuate the cardinals single-handed?I intend to save this church with whatever power beau ideal has given me. How I proceed is no longer your concern.Olivetti straightened. Whatever you intend to do He paused. I do not have the trust to restrain you. Particularly in light of my apparent failure as head of security. I ask only that you wait. Wait twenty minutes until after ten oclock. If Mr. Langdons information is correct, I may still have a guess to catch this assassin. There is still a chance to preserve protocol and decorum.Decorum? The camerlegno let out a clogged laugh. We have long since passed propriety, commander. In case you hadnt noticed, this is war.A guard emerged from the security center and called out to the camerlegno, Signore, I just got word we have detained the BBC reporter, Mr. Glick.The camerlegno nodded. corroborate both he and his camerawoman meet me outside the Sistine Chapel.Olivettis eyes widened. What are you doing? 20 minutes, commander. Thats all Im giving you. Then he was gone.When Olivettis Alpha Romeo tore out of Vatican City, this time there was no line of unmarked cars following him. In the back seat, Vittoria bandaged Langdons hand with a first-aid kit shed found in the glove box.Olivetti stared straight ahead. Okay, Mr. Langdon. Where are we going?88Even with its femme fatale now affixed and blaring, Olivettis Alpha Romeo seemed to go unnoticed as it rocketed across the bridge into the heart of old Rome. All the traffic was moving in the other direction, toward the Vatican, as if the Holy See had suddenly become the hottest amusement in Rome.Langdon sat in the backseat, the questions whipping through his mind. He wondered about the killer, if they would catch him this time, if he would tell them what they needed to know, if it was already too late. How long before the camerlegno told the crowd in St. Peters Square they were in danger? The hazard in the vault still nagged. A mistake.Olivetti never touched the stop as he snaked the howling Alpha Romeo toward the Church of Santa Maria della Vittoria. Langdon knew on any other day his knuckles would have been white. At the moment, however, he felt anesthetized. Only the throbbing in his hand reminded him where he was.Overhead, the siren wailed. Nothing like telling him were coming, Langdon thought. And yet they were making incredible time. He guessed Olivetti would kill the siren as they drew nearer.Now with a moment to sit and reflect, Langdon felt a tinge of amazement as the intelligence service of the Popes murder finally registered in his mind. The thought was inconceivable, and yet somehow it seemed a perfectly logical event . Infiltration had always been the Illuminati powerbase rearrangements of power from within. And it was not as if Popes had never been murdered. Countless rumors of treachery abounded, although with no autopsy, none was ever embodyed. Until recently. Academics not long ago had gotten permission to X-ray the tomb of Pope Celestine V, who had allegedly died at the hands of his overeager successor, Boniface VIII. The researchers had hoped the X-ray might break dance some small hint of foul play a rugged bone perhaps. Incredibly, the X-ray had revealed a ten-inch nail driven into the Popes skull.Langdon now recalled a series of news clippings fellow Illuminati buffs had sent him years ago. At first he had thought the clippings were a prank, so hed gone to the Harvard microfiche collection to confirm the articles were authentic. Incredibly, they were. He now kept them on his bulletin board as examples of how even respectable news organizations sometimes got carried away with Illumin ati paranoia. Suddenly, the medias suspicions seemed a lot less paranoid. Langdon could see the articles clearly in his mindThe British transmit Corporation June 14, 1998Pope John Paul I, who died in 1978, fell victim to a plot by the P2 Masonic Lodge The secret hostelry P2 decided to murder John Paul I when it saw he was determined to dismiss the American Archbishop Paul Marcinkus as President of the Vatican depone. The Bank had been implicated in shady financial deals with the Masonic LodgeThe untried York Times dreadful 24, 1998Why was the late John Paul I wearing his day shirt in bed? Why was it snap? The questions dont stop there. No medical investigations were made. Cardinal Villot forbade an autopsy on the ground that no Pope was ever given a postmortem. And John Pauls medicines enigmatically vanished from his bedside, as did his glasses, slippers and his last will and testament.London Daily Mail August 27, 1998 a plot including a powerful, ruthless and illegal Mason ic puzzle with tentacles stretching into the Vatican.The cellular in Vittorias pocket rang, thankfully erasing the memories from Langdons mind.Vittoria answered, looking manifold as to who might be calling her. Even from a hardly a(prenominal) feet away, Langdon recognized the laserlike voice on the rally.Vittoria? This is gunkimilian Kohler. Have you found the antimatter yet?Max? Youre okay?I saw the news. There was no mention of CERN or the antimatter. This is good. What is happening?We havent located the canister yet. The situation is complex. Robert Langdon has been quite a an asset. We have a lead on catching the man assassinating cardinals. Right now we are headed Ms. Vetra, Olivetti interrupted. Youve said enough.She covered the receiver, clearly annoyed. Commander, this is the president of CERN. Certainly he has a right to He has a right, Olivetti snapped, to be here handling this situation. Youre on an open cellular line. Youve said enough.Vittoria took a deep breat h. Max?I may have some information for you, Max said. About your cause I may know who he told about the antimatter.Vittorias expression clouded. Max, my perplex said he told no one.Im afraid, Vittoria, your father did tell someone. I need to check some security records. I will be in touch soon. The line went dead.Vittoria looked waxen as she returned the phone to her pocket.You okay? Langdon asked.Vittoria nodded, her shake fingers revealing the lie.The church is on shopping centre Barberini, Olivetti said, killing the siren and checking his watch. We have nine minutes.When Langdon had first realized the location of the third marker, the position of the church had rung some distant bell for him. Piazza Barberini. Something about the get to was acquainted(predicate) something he could not place. Now Langdon realized what it was. The piazza was the sight of a controversial tube stop. Twenty years ago, construction of the subway terminal had created a stir among art historians w ho feared digging beneath Piazza Barberini might topple the multiton dagger that stood in the center. City planners had removed the obelisk and replaced it with a small fountain called the Triton.In Berninis day, Langdon now realized, Piazza Barberini had contained an obelisk Whatever doubts Langdon had felt that this was the location of the third marker now whole evaporated.A block from the piazza, Olivetti turned into an alley, gunned the car halfway down, and skidded to a stop. He pulled off his suit jacket, rolled up his sleeves, and loaded his weapon.We cant risk your universe recognized, he said. You two were on television. I want you across the piazza, out of sight, watching the front entrance. Im going in the back. He produced a familiar pistol and handed it to Langdon. Just in case.Langdon frowned. It was the second time instantly he had been handed the gun. He slid it into his breast pocket. As he did, he realized he was still carrying the folio from Diagramma. He coul dnt believe he had forgotten to leave it behind. He pictured the Vatican Curator collapsing in spasms of rape at the thought of this priceless artifact being packed around Rome like some tourist map. Then Langdon thought of the nap of shattered glass and strewn documents that hed left behind in the archives. The curator had other problems. If the archives even survive the nightOlivetti got out of the car and motioned back up the alley. The piazza is that way. Keep your eyes open and dont let yourselves be seen. He tapped the phone on his belt. Ms. Vetra, lets retest our auto dial.Vittoria removed her phone and hit the auto dial number she and Olivetti had programmed at the Pantheon. Olivettis phone vibrated in silent-ring personal manner on his belt.The commander nodded. Good. If you see anything, I want to know. He cocked his weapon. Ill be inside waiting. This heathen is mine.At that moment, very nearby, another cellular phone was ringing.The Hassassin answered. Speak.It is I, the voice said. Janus.The Hassassin smiled. Hello, master.Your position may be known. Someone is coming to stop you.They are too late. I have already made the arrangements here.Good. grow sure you escape alive. There is work yet to be done.Those who groundwork in my way will die.Those who stand in your way are knowledgeable.You speak of an American scholar?You are aware of him?The Hassassin chuckled. Cool-tempered but naive. He spoke to me on the phone earlier. He is with a female who seems quite the opposite. The killer felt a stirring of arousal as he recalled the fiery temperament of Leonardo Vetras daughter.There was a momentary silence on the line, the first hesitation the Hassassin had ever sensed from his Illuminati master. Finally, Janus spoke. Eliminate them if need be.The killer smiled. Consider it done. He felt a warm hope spreading through his body. Although the woman I may keep as a prize.